tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73890137764120936702024-03-05T02:36:24.811-08:00energi alternatifSeamat datang di school-energialternatif.blogspot.com
Layanan terbaik kami hanya untuk andaIchwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-85563957823789206692010-10-08T05:49:00.001-07:002010-10-08T05:49:32.886-07:00Kiat Memenangkan Beasiswa<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, lucinda, verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Pada era globalisasi di mana setiap orang mempunyai hak mendapatkan kehidupan yang lebih baik di seluruh muka Bumi, akan membuat persaingan pencari kerja semakin keras. Oleh karena itu, setiap orang harus membekali dirinya untuk bisa menang dalam mendapatkan pekerjaan, atau mampu membuka lapangan kerja bagi dirinya sendiri.<span id="more-3"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Salah satu cara membekali diri adalah mendapatkan pendidikan yang baik dan berkualitas, baik di dalam ataupun di luar negeri. Namun, mendapatkan pendidikan yang berkualitas bukanlah yang mudah dan murah. Bagi orang berpunya, mereka akan mampu membiayai sendiri. Lalu, bagaimana dengan orang yang tidak punya cukup uang?</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Salah satu jalan adalah<a href="http://www.infobeasiswa.net/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: none; "> beasiswa</a>, namun untuk mendapatkannya juga bukan hal yang mudah. Ada ratusan bahkan ribuan orang berpotensi yang juga ingin mendapatkan beasiswa yang jumlahnya sangat terbatas.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Untuk mencoba beasiswa dari luar negeri, juga bukan hal mudah. Selain, karena harus bersaing dengan peminat dari negara-negara lain dan persyaratan yang tidak mudah, juga karena informasi mengenai <a href="http://beasiswaterbaru.blogsome.com/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: none; ">beasiswa terbaru</a> itu masih sedikit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Beberapa yayasan pemberi beasiswa seperti AMINEF, memang mengiklankan di media massa. Namun, seringkali beasiswa yang ditawarkan tidak sesuai dengan minat yang ingin dikembangkan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">“Masalah informasi merupakan kendala terbesar saya untuk mendapatkan beasiswa. Saya yang bekerja di Papua, baru bisa membaca koran setelah satu minggu terbit. Jadi, persaingan belum dimulai, saya sudah harus menghadapi kendala dulu,” kata Togap Siagian (29), penerima beasiswa Fulbright 2000 dan pendiri kelompok kores- pondensi surat elektronik internet khusus beasiswa (<em>http://groups.yahoo.com/group/beasiswa</em>).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">SEJAK pertama didirikan, 21 Maret 2000, Siagian memang sendirian mengelola mailing list itu. Dia menjadi moderator surat-surat yang masuk, baik berisi pertanyaan, informasi mengenai beasiswa di seluruh dunia, dan kiat memenangkannya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">“Orang Indonesia punya potensi memenangkan beasiswa, namun mereka menghadapi banyak kendala yang sebenarnya bisa diatasi dengan mudah. Karena tidak bisa mengatasi kendala itu, mereka kalah. Mailing list ini bertujuan membantu memberi informasi untuk siapa saja yang ingin mendapatkan kesempatan sekolah dengan beasiswa. Semacam wadah saling berbagi informasi dan pengalaman,” kata Siagian.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Sekarang, Siagian yang masih bekerja di Papua, sudah dibantu delapan moderator yang tersebar di Bandung, Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Inggris, Jepang, Belanda, dan Amerika. Mereka menyortir, menjawab, menghapus surat elektronik yang tidak penting, dan memperingatkan pengirim surat yang tidak menjelaskan maksudnya dengan jelas. “Banyak peserta minta informasi tentang beasiswa untuk pendidikan master. Peserta ini tidak menjelaskan jenis pendidikan dan di mana. Kadang-kadang hal seperti ini menjengkelkan juga,” aku Siagian.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Para milister (peserta mailing list) semakin hari semakin bertam- bah. Saat ini, jumlah peserta mencapai ribuan orang yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Untuk menjadi anggotanya, cukup mengirim surat kosong ke alamat beasiswa-subscribe@yahoogroups.com. Yayasan pemberi beasiswa pun agaknya telah percaya dengan mereka, sehingga sering memberi informasi mengenai program beasiswa dari lembaga mereka.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">SELAIN dari mailing list beasiswa dan website infobeasiswa, informasi beasiswa juga bisa didapat dengan tiga cara. <strong>Pertama</strong>, mendaftar ke badan pemberi beasiswa. Misalnya Yayasan Sampoerna, Aminef untuk beasiswa Fulbright, dan British Council untuk Chevening Award.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; "><strong>Kedua</strong>, peminat bisa langsung mendaftar ke universitas yang diinginkan. Peminat bisa berkores- pondensi langsung dengan profesor di universitas itu dan minta surat rekomendasi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; "><strong>Ketiga</strong>, melalui penelitian. Biasanya jika seorang profesor atau universitas ingin melakukan penelitian besar, mereka membutuhkan asisten. Asisten ini akan dibayar, dan uangnya bisa dipakai biaya studi dan biaya hidup. Biasanya, mereka akan mendapatkan biaya studi lebih murah karena mereka bekerja untuk universitas. Lagi pula, proyek penelitian seperti ini akan memakan waktu minimal lima tahun, waktu yang cukup panjang untuk studi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Dari ketiga cara mendapatkan beasiswa itu, hal terpenting yang harus dipegang peminat beasiswa adalah memenuhi syarat yang diminta. Jika memang diperlukan nilai TOEFL/IELTS (standar nilai kemampuan berbahasa Inggris), pastikan memilikinya. Begitu juga bila diperlukan syarat kecakapan matematik seperti GMAT, dan lainnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Menurut Pangesti Wiedarti, dosen Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta yang juga penerima beasiswa doktor di bidang linguistik Universiy of Sydney, sebaiknya peminat beasiswa mencari beasiswa tidak di satu universitas saja. “Carilah di beberapa universitas agar mendapatkan beasiswa yang benar-benar cocok,” ujar Pangesti.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Sidrotun Na’im, penerima beasiswa Australian Development Scholarship (ADS) 2003 me- ngatakan, peminat beasiswa dari Indonesia bagian timur memiliki peluang lebih besar daripada peminat Indonesia bagian barat. Sepertiga dari jatah beasiswa ADS yang ada diberikan untuk Indonesia timur. “Jika dilihat dari potensi dan kondisi Indonesia timur, peminat Indonesia timur memiliki peluang lebih besar,” kata Sidrotun.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Salathiel Gideon, penerima beasiswa S2 dari Yayasan Sampoerna mengatakan, dirinya menerapkan empat langkah strategis untuk memenangkan beasiswa itu.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; "><u><strong>Pertama</strong></u>, ketika memutuskan mendaftar beasiswa, dia membuat perencanaan. Apa saja yang harus dia lakukan untuk beasiswa tersebut. “Saya menentukan program apa yang akan saya ambil, lalu saya catat apa saja yang dibutuhkan jika saya mengambil program tersebut. Saya juga belajar membuat surat rekomendasi dan mempersiapkan diri untuk tes wawancara,” kata Gideon.<br /><u><strong><br />Kedua</strong></u>, Gideon melakukan tahap-tahap yang telah dia tentukannya dalam rencana. Dia mengakses situs Yayasan Sampoerna dan mencari tahu apa saja yang diminta. “Saya benar-benar mempersiapkan diri untuk menghadapi tes tulis. Saya cari buku-buku yang bisa menjadi nara sumber. Kemudian, saya berdiskusi dengan pemberi rekomendasi. Selain itu, saya juga berkonsultasi dengan teman-teman yang pernah mendapatkan beasiswa,” kata Gideon.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; "><u><strong>Ketiga</strong></u>, mengecek apa yang telah dia lakukan. Gideon berulang kali melihat apa yang telah dia pelajari dan mencoba mengerjakan tes yang ada. Dia juga mengecek adakah persyaratan yang belum dia penuhi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; "><u><strong>Keempat</strong></u>, mengecek ulang. Jika memang apa yang telah dia lakukan masih dirasakan kurang, Gideon tidak ragu-ragu mengulang. Begitu juga dengan surat rekomendasi. Jika, surat rekomendasi itu dirasa tidak membantu, lebih baik mencari rekomendasi lain. “Saya pertimbangkan benar, apakah surat rekomendasi itu sungguh-sungguh mengevaluasi diri saya dengan adil. Jika tidak, lebih baik saya cari rekomendasi lain,” tegas Gideon. (ARN) Diambil dari harian Kompas.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; ">Beberapa website informasi beasiswa yang bisa dijadikan referensi:</p><ul style="list-style-type: none; "><li style="list-style-type: none; background-image: url(http://infobeasiswa.org/wp-content/themes/infobeasiswa.org/images/bullet2.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 14px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://www.infobeasiswa.net/" title="beasiswa" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: none; ">www.infobeasiswa.net</a></li><li style="list-style-type: none; background-image: url(http://infobeasiswa.org/wp-content/themes/infobeasiswa.org/images/bullet2.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 14px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://beasiswaterbaru.wordpress.com/" title="beasiswa" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: none; ">beasiswaterbaru.wordpress.com</a></li></ul></span>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-12360212493083526402009-05-23T04:57:00.000-07:002009-05-23T05:14:20.518-07:00Reign of Fire<div id="tn15title"> <h1>Reign of Fire <span>(<a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Years/2002/">2002</a>) <span class="pro-link"><a href="http://pro.imdb.com/rg/maindetails-title/tconst-pro-header-link/title/tt0253556/">More at <strong>IMDbPro</strong> »</a></span></span></h1> </div> <div id="tn15content"><style type="text/css"> .media_strip_thumbs img { margin-right:0.2em; border:none; } .media_strip_thumbs { overflow: hidden; height: 90px; } .media_strip_thumb img { margin-right: 0.2em; } .media_strip_thumb { float: left; margin-bottom: 50px; text-align: right; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; color:#333333; } </style> <table style="border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="media_strip_header"> <b>Photos</b> <span>(<a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/gallery-link/title/tt0253556/mediaindex">see all 62</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/slideshow-link/media/rm4057176576/tt0253556?slideshow=1">slideshow</a>)</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="media_strip_thumbs"> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm4057176576/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BOTQyMzEzNzQzMF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMzYxMjgy._V1._CR73,0,304,304_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm580098304/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTQzNTkzODkyNF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwODA2ODU3._V1._CR37,0,411,411_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm563321088/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTM3Mjc1MjE5OV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMDE2ODU3._V1._CR67,0,351,351_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm546543872/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTYxNTg3NzE4OF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMjE2ODU3._V1._CR67,0,351,351_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm781424896/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTYzMzYwMjQ4N15BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNDE2ODU3._V1._CR20,0,444,444_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm764647680/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTc0OTAwMzEyOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNTE2ODU3._V1._CR95,0,294,294_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm731093248/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BODc1NzY2NDE4OV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNzE2ODU3._V1._CR46,0,392,392_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm697538816/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BNTc4OTMxNTQ5Nl5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMDI2ODU3._V1._CR46,0,392,392_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm680761600/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMjI1MzUwMjI4NF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMjI2ODU3._V1._CR95,0,295,295_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> <div class="media_strip_thumb"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/photos-title/summary/media/rm915642624/tt0253556"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTkyNDMwODk0N15BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMzI2ODU3._V1._CR80,0,325,325_SS90_.jpg" border="0" width="90" height="90" /></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <hr /> <div id="tn15adrhs"> <!-- begin TOP_RHS --> <div id="top_rhs_wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> ad_utils.queue_ad('4','top_rhs'); </script> <iframe src="http://www.imdb.com/images/SFb73c79d3e365f1c3c3ff02bc85d516ed/a/ifb/doubleclick/expand.html#imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=4;sz=300x250,300x600,160x600,171x600,11x1;p=tr;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;%5BPASEGMENTS%5D;ord=%5BCLIENT_SIDE_ORD%5D?" id="top_rhs" name="top_rhs" class="yesScript" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowtransparency="true" onload="ad_utils.resize_iframe(this)" scrolling="no" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250"></iframe> <noscript><a href="http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=4;sz=300x250,300x600,160x600,171x600,11x1;p=tr;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;ord=860109807066?" target="_blank"><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=4;sz=300x250,300x600,160x600,171x600,11x1;p=tr;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;ord=860109807066?" border="0" alt="advertisement" /></a></noscript> </div> <!-- End TOP_RHS --> <div id="top_rhs_after" class="after_ad">advertisement</div> </div> <!-- begin TOP_CENTER --> <div id="top_center_wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> ad_utils.queue_ad('5','top_center'); </script> <iframe src="http://www.imdb.com/images/SFb73c79d3e365f1c3c3ff02bc85d516ed/a/ifb/doubleclick/expand.html#imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=5;sz=450x35,10x1;p=tc;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;%5BPASEGMENTS%5D;ord=%5BCLIENT_SIDE_ORD%5D?" id="top_center" name="top_center" class="yesScript" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowtransparency="true" onload="ad_utils.resize_iframe(this)" scrolling="no" width="0" frameborder="0" height="0"></iframe> <noscript><a href="http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=5;sz=450x35,10x1;p=tc;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;ord=860109807066?" target="_blank"><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/imdb2.consumer.title/maindetails;tile=5;sz=450x35,10x1;p=tc;r=afc;g=th;g=ac;g=sf;tt=f;id=tt0253556;coo=usa;coo=ie;k=c;g=baa;g=f;coo=uk;m=PG13;ord=860109807066?" border="0" alt="advertisement" /></a></noscript> </div> <!-- End TOP_CENTER --> <h3>Overview</h3> <style type="text/css"> #tn15rating, #tn15rating.unrated { overflow:visible; width:360px; } #tn15rating .usr { z-index: 10; } #tn15rating .general { z-index: 5; } #tn15rating.two .usr { left:0px; top:40px; height:3em; } #tn15rating.two .general { top: -40px; } #tn15rating.guest .usr { top:30px !important; } #tn15rating.one { margin-bottom:0px; height:20px; } #tn15rating.one .general { top:-20px; } #tn15rating.one .usr { width:200px; } #tn15rating.one .usr h5 { display:none; } .starbar .outer { float:left; position:relative; } .meta { left:210px; position:absolute; top:0px; } #tn15rating .rating { width:360px; } .starbar small a { display:inline ; height:auto; left:0pt; position:relative; top:0pt; } #tn15rating .message .extra a { position:relative; display:inline; } #tn15rating .message .extra a.del { right:auto; } #tn15rating .bottom div.left { top:20px; } #star-rating-info { margin-bottom:0px !important; } html>body #star-rating-info { margin-bottom:20px !important; } </style> <div class="info" id="star-rating-info"> <h5>User Rating:</h5> <div id="tn15rating" class="two guest"> <div class="usr rating"> </div> <div class="general rating"> <div class="starbar static"> <div class="outer"> </div> </div> <div class="meta"> <b>5.9/10</b> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/ratings" class="tn15more">32,365 votes</a> </div> <div class="bottom"> <!-- <a class="tn15more" href="ratings">more</a> --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end info --> <div class="info"><h5>MOVIEmeter: <a href="http://www.imdb.com/help/show_leaf?prowhatisstarmeter"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/meter_help.gif" alt="?" border="0" width="12" height="12" /></a></h5><b>Up 5%</b> in popularity this week. See <a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/title-tease/meter-ranktrends/http://pro.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/graph-data">rank & trends</a> on <a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/title-tease/meter-prolink/http://pro.imdb.com/">IMDbPro</a>.</div> <div id="director-info" class="info"> <h5>Director:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0101385/">Rob Bowman</a><br /></div> <div class="info"> <h5>Writers <a href="http://www.imdb.com/wga">(WGA)</a>:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0149305/">Gregg Chabot</a> (story) &<br /><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0676270/">Kevin Peterka</a> (story) ...<br /><a class="tn15more" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/fullcredits#writers">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Contact:</h5> View <a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/title-overview/company-contact/http://pro.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/companycredits">company</a> contact information for Reign of Fire on <a href="http://www.imdb.com/rg/title-overview/pro-contact/http://pro.imdb.com">IMDbPro</a>. </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Release Date:</h5> 12 July 2002 (USA) <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/releaseinfo" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/releasedates/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/releaseinfo';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Genre:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/Action/">Action</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/Fantasy/">Fantasy</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/Sci-Fi/">Sci-Fi</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/Thriller/">Thriller</a> <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/keywords" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/keywords/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/keywords';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Tagline:</h5> Fight Fire With Fire <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/taglines" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/taglines/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/taglines';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Plot:</h5> A brood of fire-breathing dragons emerges from the earth and begins setting fire to everything, establishing dominance over the planet. <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/plotsummary" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/plotsummary/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/plotsummary';">full summary</a> | <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/synopsis">full synopsis</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Plot Keywords:</h5> <div class="keyword-spoiler" id="tn15plotkeywords" style="display: inline;"><span> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/keyword/dragon/">Dragon</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/keyword/fire-breathing-dragon/">Fire Breathing Dragon</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/keyword/fire/">Fire</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/keyword/london/">London</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/keyword/post-apocalyptic/">Post Apocalyptic</a> </span></div> <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/keywords" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/keywords/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/keywords';">more</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var k = document.getElementById("tn15plotkeywords"); k.className = "keyword-spoiler"; k.onmouseover = function() {if (!window.hasVoted) this.className += ' hover';}; k.onmouseout= function() {if (!window.hasVoted) this.className='keyword-spoiler';} </script> <div class="info"> <h5>Awards:</h5> 1 win & 2 nominations <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/awards" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/awards/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/awards';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>NewsDesk<span>:</span><br /><small>(<a onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/maindetails-count/newsdesk/images/b.gif?link=%2Ftitle%2Ftt0253556%2Fnews';" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/news">13 articles</a>)</small> </h5> <strong><a onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/maindetails-headline/newsdesk/images/b.gif?link=%2Ftitle%2Ftt0253556%2Fnews%23ni0092074';" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/news#ni0092074">Cell-Phone Cameras Cover London Attacks</a></strong> <small><br />(From <a onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/maindetails-source/newsdesk/images/b.gif?link=%2Fnews%2Fns0000003%2F';" href="http://www.imdb.com/news/ns0000003/">Studio Briefing</a>. 8 July 2005)</small><br /><strong><a onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/maindetails-headline/newsdesk/images/b.gif?link=%2Ftitle%2Ftt0253556%2Fnews%3Fyear%3D2002%23ni0098314';" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/news?year=2002#ni0098314">More 'Wedding' Gifts for Movie's Writer-Star</a></strong> <small><br />(From <a onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/maindetails-source/newsdesk/images/b.gif?link=%2Fnews%2Fns0000003%2F';" href="http://www.imdb.com/news/ns0000003/">Studio Briefing</a>. 5 September 2002)</small><br /></div> <div class="info"> <h5>User Comments:</h5> Silly but entertaining b-grade post-apocalyptic thriller. <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/#comment">more</a> </div> <hr /><div class="headerinline"><h3>Cast</h3> <small style="position: relative; bottom: 1px;">(Cast overview, first billed only)</small></div><div class="info"><table class="cast"> <tbody><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000288/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0000288/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTM3OTE2ODc3NF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDQ5NTYyMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000288/">Christian Bale</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011439/">Quinn Abercromby</a></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000190/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0000190/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTI2MDA2NTAzOV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwOTcxNjQxMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000190/">Matthew McConaughey</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011441/">Denton Van Zan</a></td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001713/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0001713/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTYyMzM1MDEzMV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDEyOTYyMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001713/">Izabella Scorupco</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011443/">Alex Jensen</a></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124930/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0124930/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTkzMTI2OTExMF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwNjM2ODQxMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124930/">Gerard Butler</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011440/">Creedy</a></td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0610187/">Scott Moutter</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0049779/">Jared Wilke</a> (as Scott James Moutter)</td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0447986/">David Kennedy</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Eddie Stax</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0796502/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0796502/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTIxMjYwMTA3MV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwNDQxODYzMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0796502/">Alexander Siddig</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011442/">Ajay</a></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0219329/">Ned Dennehy</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Barlow</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0444676/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0444676/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTc0ODAwMTcwMF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwOTM0NDcwMg@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0444676/">Rory Keenan</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Devon</td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562793/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0562793/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTIxNjYxNzMyNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwOTU0ODczMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562793/">Terence Maynard</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Gideon</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168339/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm0168339/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTU0MjkxNTEyMl5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwNjU0NDI5MQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168339/">Doug Cockle</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Goosh</td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1055192/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/tinyhead/images/b.gif?link=/name/nm1055192/';"><img src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMjEzODY0NTc5OF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDk4MzUyMQ@@._V1._SY30_SX23_.jpg" border="0" width="23" height="32" /></a><br /></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1055192/">Randall Carlton</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Burke (Tito)</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0446268/">Chris Kelly</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Mead</td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0861488/">Ben Thornton</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Young Quinn</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="hs"><a href="http://resume.imdb.com/" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/resumehead/images/b.gif?link=http://resume.imdb.com/';"><img src="http://i.media-imdb.com/images/tn15/addtiny.gif" border="0" width="25" height="31" /></a></td><td class="nm"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000481/">Alice Krige</a></td><td class="ddd"> ... </td><td class="char">Karen Abercromby</td></tr></tbody></table><a class="tn15more" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/fullcredits#cast">more</a></div> <div><form action="/character/create" method="post"><input name="title" value="tt0253556" 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Start Watching Right Now</span></a><br /></div> <iframe id="sponsored_links_afc_iframe_MIDDLE_CENTER" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="sponsored_links_afc_iframe" src="http://www.imdb.com/images/a/ifb/google_afc.html#key:MIDDLE_CENTER" scrolling="no" width="0" frameborder="0" height="0"> </iframe> <hr /> <h3>Additional Details</h3> <div class="info"> </div> <div class="info"> <h5><a href="http://www.imdb.com/mpaa">MPAA</a>:</h5> Rated PG-13 for intense action violence. </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Parents Guide:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/parentalguide">Add content advisory for parents</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Runtime:</h5> 101 min </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Country:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/UK/"> UK</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/Ireland/"> Ireland</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/USA/"> USA</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Language:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Languages/English/"> English</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Color:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?color-info=Color&&heading=13;Color"> Color</a> <i>(Technicolor)</i> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Aspect Ratio:</h5> 2.35 : 1 <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/technical" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/aspect/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/technical';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Sound Mix:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?sound-mix=DTS&&heading=15;DTS"> DTS</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?sound-mix=Dolby%20Digital&&heading=15;Dolby%20Digital"> Dolby Digital</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?sound-mix=SDDS&&heading=15;SDDS"> SDDS</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Certification:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Netherlands:12&&heading=14;Netherlands:12"> Netherlands:12</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Malaysia:U&&heading=14;Malaysia:U"> Malaysia:U</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Iceland:12&&heading=14;Iceland:12"> Iceland:12</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=South%20Korea:12&&heading=14;South%20Korea:12"> South Korea:12</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=New%20Zealand:M&&heading=14;New%20Zealand:M"> New Zealand:M</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=USA:PG-13&&heading=14;USA:PG-13"> USA:PG-13</a> <i>(certificate #39148)</i> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Argentina:13&&heading=14;Argentina:13"> Argentina:13</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Australia:M&&heading=14;Australia:M"> Australia:M</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Denmark:11&&heading=14;Denmark:11"> Denmark:11</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Finland:K-11&&heading=14;Finland:K-11"> Finland:K-11</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=France:U&&heading=14;France:U"> France:U</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Germany:12&&heading=14;Germany:12"> Germany:12</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Japan:R&&heading=14;Japan:R"> Japan:R</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Norway:15&&heading=14;Norway:15"> Norway:15</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Peru:14&&heading=14;Peru:14"> Peru:14</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Philippines:PG-13&&heading=14;Philippines:PG-13"> Philippines:PG-13</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Singapore:PG&&heading=14;Singapore:PG"> Singapore:PG</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Spain:13&&heading=14;Spain:13"> Spain:13</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Sweden:11&&heading=14;Sweden:11"> Sweden:11</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Switzerland:12&&heading=14;Switzerland:12"> Switzerland:12</a> <i>(canton of Geneva)</i> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Switzerland:12&&heading=14;Switzerland:12"> Switzerland:12</a> <i>(canton of Vaud)</i> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Switzerland:12&&heading=14;Switzerland:12"> Switzerland:12</a> <i>(canton of the Grisons)</i> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=UK:12&&heading=14;UK:12"> UK:12</a> | <a href="http://www.imdb.com/List?certificates=Canada:PG&&heading=14;Canada:PG"> Canada:PG</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Filming Locations:</h5> <a title=" (interiors)" href="http://www.imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Ardmore%20Studios%20-%20Herbert%20Road,%20Bray,%20County%20Wicklow,%20Ireland&&heading=18;with+locations+including;Ardmore%20Studios%20-%20Herbert%20Road,%20Bray,%20County%20Wicklow,%20Ireland"> Ardmore Studios - Herbert Road, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland</a> <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/locations" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/locations/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/locations';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Company:</h5> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/company/co0031181/">Spyglass Entertainment</a> <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/companycredits">more</a> </div> <hr /> <h3>Fun Stuff</h3> <div class="info"> <h5>Trivia:</h5> It was filmed in Ireland, in the Wicklow Mountains. They were only allowed to film there under the condition that they clean up entirely after themselves, without damaging the landscape. <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/trivia" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/trivia/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/trivia';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Goofs:</h5>Continuity: The type of helicopter carrying the main characters appears to vary from shot to shot during the journey from Northumberland to London, sometimes appearing to be an Agusta A109 with a conventional tail rotor, but in other shots it appears to be an Aerospatiale Dauphine with an enclosed "fenestron" tail rotor. <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/goofs" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/goofs/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/goofs';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Quotes:</h5> [<i class="fine">after acting out a scene from Star Wars Episode 5</i>]<br /><b>Child</b>: Did you make that up?<br /><b><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000288/">Quinn Abercromby</a></b>: Of course I did.<br /><a class="tn15more" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/quotes" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/quotes/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/quotes';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Movie Connections:</h5> Featured in <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1317805/">"Troldspejlet: (#28.3)"</a> (2002) <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/movieconnections" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/movieconnections/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/movieconnections';">more</a> </div> <div class="info"> <h5>Soundtrack:</h5> Fire <a class="tn15more inline" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/soundtrack" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/soundtrack/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/soundtrack';">more</a> </div> <hr /> <h3>FAQ</h3> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/faq" onclick="(new Image()).src='/rg/title-tease/faq-empty/images/b.gif?link=/title/tt0253556/faq';">This FAQ is empty. Add the first question.</a> <hr /> <div class="headerinline"> <a name="comment"><h3>User Comments</h3></a> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253556/usercomments-enter"><span>(Comment on this title)</span></a> </div> <div class="comment"> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- function yn(id, vote) { if (!document.getElementById || !document.createElement || !document.removeChild || !document.appendChild || !document.childNodes || !document.createTextNode) return true; var i = new Image(); i.onload = function() { ynd(id, 1) }; i.onerror = function() { ynd(id, 0) }; i.src = 'usercomments-vote?yni_'+id+'='+vote; return false; } function ynd(id, status) { var d, s, t; if (!(d = document.getElementById('ynd_'+id))) return true; while (d.childNodes.length) d.removeChild(d.childNodes[0]); var s = document.createElement('span'); if (!status) s.setAttribute('class', 'error'); var t = document.createTextNode(status ? 'Thank you, your vote will be counted and appear on this page within 24 hours.' : 'Sorry, there was a problem collecting your vote.'); s.appendChild(t); d.appendChild(s); } //--> </script> <div class="small"> 61 out of 84 people found the following comment useful:- </div> <b>Silly but entertaining b-grade post-apocalyptic thriller.</b>, 27 May 2003<br /><div class="small"> Author: <a href="http://www.imdb.com/user/ur0381265/comments">Infofreak</a> <small>from Perth, Australia</small> </div> <p> Seems like I'm in a minority enjoying this one! It amazes me that so many people are quick to put the boot in to this (admittedly) silly but entertaining b-grade post-apocalyptic thriller yet line up to watch the absolutely awful and overblown Star Wars movies. Yes, I said b-grade, because despite the budget being close to $100 million, that's exactly what it is, a b-grade sci fi movie, no more, no less. Fans of Roy Ward Baker's 'Quatermass and the Pit', Larry Cohen's 'Q: The Winged Serpent' and Tobe Hooper's 'Lifeforce', all of which 'Reign Of Fire' reminded me of at various points, will enjoy this one more than the Blockbuster crowd. Christian Bale ('American Psycho') and Matthew McConaughey ('Frailty') are both pretty good as the leader of an underground community and a hardass military man respectively, who both have different approaches to their shared problem - the ongoing threat of dragon attacks. Yes, in this future dragons are real and have devastated the world, and only a handful of human survivors exist. Once you can accept that premise, and some of the "scientific" explanations for the why and wherefores of the dragons, you're in for a wild ride. No-one's gonna argue this is a great movie, but it's a lot of fun, and I recommend it, especially with beer and pizza. </p></div></div>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-27917800333865905592009-05-19T03:11:00.000-07:002009-05-19T03:12:13.050-07:00Singkong dan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Energi Alternatif<h2><a href="http://persembahanku.wordpress.com/2006/07/29/singkong-dan-kelapa-sawit-sebagai-energi-alternatif/" rel="bookmark" title="Taut Tetap ke Singkong dan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Energi Alternatif">Singkong dan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Energi Alternatif</a></h2> <p class="date">Ditulis oleh <a href="http://www.givangkara.com/">EG Giwangkara S</a> di/pada Sabtu, Juli 29 2006</p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://persembahanku.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/cassava-root.jpg" title="Singkong / Ubi Kayu (Cassava)"><img src="http://persembahanku.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/cassava-root.thumbnail.jpg" alt="Singkong / Ubi Kayu (Cassava)" align="left" vspace="5" hspace="5" /></a>Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi Kusmayanto Kadiman (2005)menegaskan, kemajuan teknologi kini mampu mengubah singkong dan kelapa sawit menjadi energi alternatif dalam mengatasi krisis bahan bakar minyak (BBM).<br /> <br />“Singkong dapat diolah menjadi bioetanol dan kelapa sawit menjadi biodiesel yang bisa dimanfaatkan dengan mencampur sepuluh persen dari keempat jenis BBM,” kata Kusmayanto Kadiman kepada wartawan di Sanur, Bali, Rabu (13/7/2005).</p> <p>Sebelum membuka Pertemuan Forum Kelautan Indonesia (The Indonesia Ocean Forum 2005 and the 13th PAMS/JECSS Workshop), ia mengemukakan, pencampuran 10 persen BBM dengan bioetanol dan biodiesel sangat dimungkinkan, sesuai ketentuan yang ditetapkan internasional.</p> <span id="more-190"></span><br /> <br />“Jika 10 persen bahan pencampuran BBM itu dapat diproduksi Indonesia, akan sangat membantu dalam menghemat penggunaan BBM,” ungkapnya.<br /> <br />Indonesia dalam penyusunan APBN 2005 mengalokasikan dana untuk subsidi BBM sebesar Rp 90 triliun, dengan perhitungan harga minyak di pasaran dunia 35 dollar AS per-barel.<br /> <br />Namun, kondisi sekarang harga minyak di pasaran dunia mencapai 60 dollar AS per-barel, sehingga akan sangat mempengaruhi subsidi keuangan negara.<br /> <br />Oleh sebab itu, beberapa alternatif untuk menghemat penggunaan BBM telah ditawarkan, termasuk diantaranya teknologi pengolahan singkong dan kelapa sawit.<br /> <br />Menristek menilai, penerapan teknologi pengolahan hasil perkebunan harus didukung oleh kebijakan pemerintah, agar kalangan swasta dan investor tertarik menerapkan teknologi tersebut.<br /> <br />Penerapan teknologi pengolahan singkong dan kelapa sawit sebagai bahan pencampur BBM tidak mungkin dilakukan oleh pemerintah, ujarnya, yang mengaku telah membicarakan kemungkinan menerapkan teknologi tersebut dalam rapat kabinet.<br /> <br />Teknologi pengolahan singkong menjadi bioetanol sebenarnya sudah diterapkan di Lampung, namun kapasitasnya masih sangat terbatas. “Produk bioetanol sebagai bahan pencampur BBM telah saya terapkan pada mobil dinas dan 30 bus karyawan, tidak ada masalah,” ujar Menristek.<br /> <br />Jika kedua jenis bahan pencampur BBM itu dapat diproduksi, akan mampu menghemat sedikitnya Rp 9 triliun subsidi BBM dalam setahun, demikian Kusmayanto.Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-48040723184850233032009-05-19T02:15:00.000-07:002009-05-19T02:16:59.137-07:00hidrogen<h1>Sumber Energi Alternatif</h1> <div class="sumStats"> <div class="inner"> <div id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_RatingsDiv" class="absScore" style="display: block;"> <span id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_RatingsLabel" class="stars2">Summary rating: 2 stars</span> <span id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_VotersLabel">(67 Tinjauan)</span> </div> <div id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_VisitsDiv" class="visits"> Kunjungan : 6831 </div> <div id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_dComments" class="cmnts"> <a href="http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/physics/1837410-sumber-energi-alternatif/#Comments"> Comments : 0 </a> </div> <div id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_WordCountDiv" class="wordCount"> kata : 600 </div> </div> </div> <div class="abstractInfo"> <a href="http://id.shvoong.com/writers/tedifa/" id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_aWriterImageLink" title="tedifa" onclick="javascript:LinkToPage('','link_id=39');"> </a><!-- Don't break lines for SEO Optimizations --> <h2>oleh : <a href="http://id.shvoong.com/writers/tedifa/" id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_lnkWriter" onclick="javascript:LinkToPage('','link_id=29');" title="tedifa">tedifa</a></h2> <!-- End Don't break lines for SEO Optimizations --> <div id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_AuthorDiv" class="authorName"> Pengarang : <span id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_AuthorLinks"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/authors/teguh-vedder/" onclick="javascript:LinkToPage('','link_id=28');" title="Teguh Vedder">Teguh Vedder</a></span> </div> <span class="pDate"> <span id="ctl00_ContentBoxMain_AbstractInfo1_lblPublishedOn">Diterbitkan di: September 03, 2008</span> </span> </div> <div class="absTranslatedFrom"> </div> Energi yang sering kita pakai sehari-hari semakin lama semakin berkurang atau menipis. Karena banyaknya pemakaian yang tidak terkontrol sehingga menimbulkan kelangkaan atau bahkan habis sama sekali. Untuk itu sekarang perlu dipikirkan adanya <a class="tags" onclick="javascript:counttag('Energi', 1, 1837410)" href="http://id.shvoong.com/tags/energi/"><span>Energi</span></a> alternative untuk pengganti dari energi yang biasanya sering dipakai . Dibawah ini adalah berbagai sumber energi alternatif yang dapat kita manfaatkan, selain akan membantu udara untuk jadi bersih, penghematan juga akan dapat dilakukan.<br />Angin. Tenaga kinetik angin sekarang sudah mulai banyak dipergunakan sebagai pemutar angin dengan menggunakan turbin angin baik untuk rumah maupun untuk keperluan bisnis. Satu turbin angin dapat berharga dua setengah milyar rupiah sampai dengan 10 milyar rupiah, tergantung dari ukurannya. Tapi satu turbin saja dapat menghidupi sampai dengan tiga puluh rumah, tapi karena angin tidak selalu bertiup, tenaga cadangan harus selalu tetap tersedia, misalnya dari PLN.<br /> <div id="google_wide_ad_unit" class="google_wideSummary"> </div> Matahari. Negara kita yang kaya matahari tampaknya sangat cocok menggunakan sumber daya ini. Coba gunakan atap yang terbuat dari sistem tenaga surya yang disebut sel fotovoltaik. Harganya memang tidak murah, untuk atap ukuran standar dapat mencapai 200 juta rupiah. Tapi sistem ini sangat mengurangi tagihan listrik pemilik rumah, apalagi dengan sistem tagihan PLN yang ada sekarang.<br />Biodiesel. Bahan dasar bahan bakar ini dibuat dari tumbuhan seperti kedelai, kelapa dan sebangsanya, biodiesel adalah bahan bakar non-toxic yang dapat dicampurkan dengan minyak diesel biasa atau digunakan sebagaimana adanya untuk mengurangi emisi.<br />Nuklir. Dengan bahan bakar uranium, logam yang ditemukan di bebatuan, dan diproses di reaktor nuklir, energi panas yang ada akan digunakan sebagai bahan untuk memutar turbin yang ada. Sumber energi ini tidak melepaskan emisi gas rumah kaca dan tidak malah. 20% sumber listrik di Amerika sudah berbahan bakar nuklir.<br />Hidrogen. Bagaimana caranya anda menciptakan sumber daya yang sama sekali tidak mengeluarkan apapun kecuali air bersih? Jawabannya adalah sel bahan bakar hidrogen. Masalah yang ada sekarang adalah untuk memisahkan hidrogen dari bentuk komposisinya, misalnya rantai karbon atau air, berarti menggunakan sumber daya lainnya. Penyimpanan hidrogen juga tidak mudah, karena kepadatannya sangat rendah, maka sangatlah sulit untuk menempatkan hidrogen dalam jumlah besar dalam ruangan yang sempit. Oleh karena itulah, walaupun banyak kendaraan mulai menggunakan hidrogen sebagai bahan bakarnya, masih sulit didirikan stasiun pengisian hidrogen.Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-87017257728567394502009-05-19T02:08:00.000-07:002009-11-20T05:02:50.292-08:00bio gas<h1 class="title">PEMANFAATAN BIOGAS SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF</h1> <div class="submitted">Submitted by agungpambudi81 on Mon, 02/25/2008 - 22:37</div> <div class="content"><p>PEMANFAATAN BIOGAS SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF</p> <p>N. Agung Pambudi</p> <p>Mahasiswa sekolah pascasarjana<br />Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri<br />Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada<br />E-mail : <a href="mailto:agungpambudi81@yahoo.com">agungpambudi81@yahoo.com</a></p> <p>1. PENDAHULUAN<br />Beberapa tahun terakhir ini energi merupakan persoalan yang krusial didunia. Peningkatan permintaan energi yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan populasi penduduk dan menipisnya sumber cadangan minyak dunia serta permasalahan emisi dari bahan bakar fosil memberikan tekanan kepada setiap negara untuk segera memproduksi dan menggunakan energi terbaharukan. Selain itu, peningkatan harga minyak dunia hingga mencapai 100 U$ per barel juga menjadi alasan yang serius yang menimpa banyak negara di dunia terutama Indonesia.<br />Lonjakan harga minyak dunia akan memberikan dampak yang besar bagi pembangunan bangsa Indonesia. Konsumsi BBM yang mencapai 1,3 juta/barel tidak seimbang dengan produksinya yang nilainya sekitar 1 juta/barel sehingga terdapat defisit yang harus dipenuhi melalui impor. Menurut data ESDM (2006) cadangan minyak Indonesia hanya tersisa sekitar 9 milliar barel. Apabila terus dikonsumsi tanpa ditemukannya cadangan minyak baru, diperkirakan cadangan minyak ini akan habis dalam dua dekade mendatang.<br />Untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak pemerintah telah menerbitkan Peraturan presiden republik Indonesia nomor 5 tahun 2006 tentang kebijakan energi nasional untuk mengembangkan sumber energi alternatif sebagai pengganti bahan bakar minyak. Kebijakan tersebut menekankan pada sumber daya yang dapat diperbaharui sebagai altenatif pengganti bahan bakar minyak<br />Salah satu sumber energi alternatif adalah biogas. Gas ini berasal dari berbagai macam limbah organik seperti sampah biomassa, kotoran manusia, kotoran hewan dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi energi melalui proses anaerobik digestion. Proses ini merupakan peluang besar untuk menghasilkan energi alternatif sehingga akanmengurangi dampak penggunaan bahan bakar fosil</p> <p>2. ANAEROBIK DIGESTION<br />Biogas merupakan sebuah proses produksi gas bio dari material organik dengan bantuan bakteri. Proses degradasi material organik ini tanpa melibatkan oksigen disebut anaerobik digestion Gas yang dihasilkan sebagian besar (lebih 50 % ) berupa metana. material organik yang terkumpul pada digester (reaktor) akan diuraiakan menjadi dua tahap dengan bantuan dua jenis bakteri. Tahap pertama material orgranik akan didegradasi menjadi asam asam lemah dengan bantuan bakteri pembentuk asam. Bakteri ini akan menguraikan sampah pada tingkat hidrolisis dan asidifikasi. Hidrolisis yaitu penguraian senyawa kompleks atau senyawa rantai panjang seperti lemak, protein, karbohidrat menjadi senyawa yang sederhana. Sedangkan asifdifikasi yaitu pembentukan asam dari senyawa sederhana. </p> <p>Setelah material organik berubah menjadi asam asam, maka tahap kedua dari proses anaerobik digestion adalah pembentukan gas metana dengan bantuan bakteri pembentuk metana seperti methanococus, methanosarcina, methano bacterium. </p> <p>Perkembangan proses Anaerobik digestion telah berhasil pada banyak aplikasi. Proses ini memiliki kemampuan untuk mengolah sampah / limbah yang keberadaanya melimpah dan tidak bermanfaat menjadi produk yang lebih bernilai. Aplikasi anaerobik digestion telah berhasil pada pengolahan limbah industri, limbah pertanian limbah peternakan dan municipal solid waste (MSW). </p> <p>3. SEJARAH BIOGAS<br />Sejarah penemuan proses anaerobik digestion untuk menghasilkan biogas tersebar di benua Eropa. Penemuan ilmuwan Volta terhadap gas yang dikeluarkan di rawa-rawa terjadi pada tahun 1770, beberapa dekade kemudian, Avogadro mengidentifikasikan tentang gas metana. Setelah tahun 1875 dipastikan bahwa biogas merupakan produk dari proses anaerobik digestion. Tahun 1884 Pasteour melakukan penelitian tentang biogas menggunakan kotoran hewan. Era penelitian Pasteour menjadi landasan untuk penelitian biogas hingga saat ini.</p> <p>4. KOMPOSISI BIOGAS<br />Biogas sebagian besar mengandung gs metana (CH4) dan karbon dioksida (CO2), dan beberapa kandungan yang jumlahnya kecil diantaranya hydrogen sulfida (H2S) dan ammonia (NH3) serta hydrogen dan (H2), nitrogen yang kandungannya sangat kecil. </p> <p>Energi yang terkandung dalam biogas tergantung dari konsentrasi metana (CH4). Semakin tinggi kandungan metana maka semakin besar kandungan energi (nilai kalor) pada biogas, dan sebaliknya semakin kecil kandungan metana semakin kecil nilai kalor. Kualitas biogas dapat ditingkatkan dengan memperlakukan beberapa parameter yaitu : Menghilangkan hidrogen sulphur, kandungan air dan karbon dioksida (CO2). Hidrogen sulphur mengandung racun dan zat yang menyebabkan korosi, bila biogas mengandung senyawa ini maka akan menyebabkan gas yang berbahaya sehingga konsentrasi yang di ijinkan maksimal 5 ppm. Bila gas dibakar maka hidrogen sulphur akan lebih berbahaya karena akan membentuk senyawa baru bersama-sama oksigen, yaitu sulphur dioksida /sulphur trioksida (SO2 / SO3). senyawa ini lebih beracun. Pada saat yang sama akan membentuk Sulphur acid (H2SO3) suatu senyawa yang lebih korosif. Parameter yang kedua adalah menghilangkan kandungan karbon dioksida yang memiliki tujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas, sehingga gas dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar kendaraan. Kandungan air dalam biogas akan menurunkan titik penyalaan biogas serta dapat menimbukan korosif </p> <p>5. REAKTOR BIOGAS<br />Ada beberapa jenis reactor biogas yang dikembangkan diantaranya adalah reactor jenis kubah tetap (Fixed-dome), reactor terapung (Floating drum), raktor jenis balon, jenis horizontal, jenis lubang tanah, jenis ferrocement. Dari keenam jenis digester biogas yang sering digunakan adalah jenis kubah tetap (Fixed-dome) dan jenis Drum mengambang (Floating drum). Beberapa tahun terakhi ini dikembangkan jenis reactor balon yang banyak digunakan sebagai reactor sedehana dalam skala kecil.<br />1. Reaktor kubah tetap (Fixed-dome)</p> <p>Gambar 1. Jenis digester kubah tetap (fixed-dome)</p> <p>Reaktor ini disebut juga reaktor china. Dinamakan demikian karena reaktor ini dibuat pertama kali di chini sekitar tahun 1930 an, kemudian sejak saat itu reaktor ini berkembang dengan berbagai model. Pada reaktor ini memiliki dua bagian yaitu digester sebagai tempat pencerna material biogas dan sebagai rumah bagi bakteri,baik bakteri pembentuk asam ataupun bakteri pembentu gas metana. bagian ini dapat dibuat dengan kedalaman tertentu menggunakan batu, batu bata atau beton. Strukturnya harus kuat karna menahan gas aga tidak terjadi kebocoran. Bagian yang kedua adalah kubah tetap (fixed-dome). Dinamakan kubah tetap karena bentunknya menyerupai kubah dan bagian ini merupakan pengumpul gas yang tidak bergerak (fixed). Gas yang dihasilkan dari material organik pada digester akan mengalir dan disimpan di bagian kubah. </p> <p>Keuntungan dari reaktor ini adalah biaya konstruksi lebih murah daripada menggunaka reaktor terapung, karena tidak memiliki bagian yang bergerak menggunakan besi yang tentunya harganya relatif lebih mahal dan perawatannya lebih mudah. Sedangkan kerugian dari reaktor ini adalah seringnya terjadi kehilangan gas pada bagian kubah karena konstruksi tetapnya. </p> <p>2. Reaktor floating drum</p> <p>Reaktor jenis terapung pertama kali dikembangkan di india pada tahun 1937 sehingga dinamakan dengan reaktor India. Memiliki bagian digester yang sama dengan reaktor kubah, perbedaannya terletak pada bagian penampung gas menggunakan peralatan bergerak menggunakan drum. Drum ini dapat bergerak naik turun yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan gas hasil fermentasi dalam digester. Pergerakan drum mengapung pada cairan dan tergantung dari jumlah gas yang dihasilkan.<br />Keuntungan dari reaktor ini adalah dapat melihat secara langsung volume gas yang tersimpan pada drum karena pergerakannya. Karena tempat penyimpanan yang terapung sehingga tekanan gas konstan. Sedangkan kerugiannya adalah biaya material konstruksi dari drum lebih mahal. faktor korosi pada drum juga menjadi masalah sehingga bagian pengumpul gas pada reaktor ini memiliki umur yang lebih pendek dibandingkan menggunakan tipe kubah tetap. </p> <p>3. Reaktor balon </p> <p>Reaktor balon merupakan jenis reaktor yang banyak digunakan pada skala rumah tangga yang menggunakan bahan plastik sehingga lebih efisien dalam penanganan dan perubahan tempat biogas. reaktor ini terdiri dari satu bagian yang berfungsi sebagai digester dan penyimpan gas masing masing bercampur dalam satu ruangan tanpa sekat. Material organik terletak dibagian bawah karena memiliki berat yang lebih besar dibandingkan gas yang akan mengisi pada rongga atas. </p> <p>6. KONSERVASI ENERGI<br />Konversi limbah melalui proses anaerobik digestion dengan menghasilkan biogas memiliki beberapa keuntungan, yaitu :<br />- biogas merupakan energi tanpa menggunakan material yang masih memiliki manfaat termasuk biomassa sehingga biogas tidak merusak keseimbangan karbondioksida yang diakibatkan oleh penggundulan hutan (deforestation) dan perusakan tanah.<br />- Energi biogas dapat berfungsi sebagai energi pengganti bahan bakar fosil sehingga akan menurunkan gas rumah kaca di atmosfer dan emisi lainnya.<br />- Metana merupakan salah satu gas rumah kaca yang keberadaannya duatmosfer akan meningkatkan temperatur, dengan menggunakan biogas sebagai bahan bakar maka akan mengurangi gas metana di udara.<br />- Limbah berupa sampah kotoran hewan dan manusia merupakan material yang tidak bermanfaaat, bahkan bisa menngakibatkan racun yang sangat berbahaya. Aplikasi anaerobik digestion akan meminimalkan efek tersebut dan meningkatkan nilai manfaat dari limbah.<br />- Selain keuntungan energy yang didapat dari proses anaerobik digestion dengan menghasilkan gas bio, produk samping seperti sludge. Meterial ini diperoleh dari sisa proses anaerobik digestion yang berupa padat dan cair. Masing-masing dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk berupa pupuk cair dan pupuk padat. </p> <p>7. KESIMPULAN<br />Harga bahan bakar minyak yang makin meningkat dan ketersediaannya yang makin menipis serta permasalahan emisi gas rumah kaca merupakan masalah yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat global. Upaya pencarian akan bahan bakar yang lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan dan dapat diperbaharui merupakan solusi dari permasalahan energi tersebut. Untuk itu indonesia yang memiliki potensi luas wilayah yang begitu besar, diharapkan untuk segera mengaplikasi bahan bakar nabati. Biogas merupakan gas yang dihasilkan dari proses anaerobik digestion dan memiliki prosepek sebagai energi pengganti bahan bakar fosil yang keberadaaanya makin </p> <p>8. DAFTAR PUSTAKA</p> <p>Singh, R.K and Misra, 2005, Biofels from Biomass, Department of Chemical Engineering National Institue of Technology, Rourkela</p> <p>Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2006, Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional, Jakarta</p> <p>Prihandana, R. dkk, 2007, Meraup Untung dari Jarak Pagar, Jakarta , P.T Agromedia Pustaka</p> <p>Tim Nasional Pengembangan BBN, 2007, BBN, Bahan Bakar Alternatif dari Tumbuhan Sebagai Pengganti Minyak Bumi</p> <p>Daugherty E.C, 2001, Biomass Energy Systems Efficiency:Analyzed through a Life Cycle Assessment, Lund Univesity.</p> <p>Instruksi Presiden, Instruksi Preiden No 1 tahun 2006 tertanggal 25 januari 2006 tentang penyediaan dan pemanfaatan bahan bakar nabati (biofuels), sebagai energi alternative, Jakarta.</p> <p>Direktorat Jenderal Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi, 2004, Potensi energi terbaharukan di Indonesia, Jakarta</p> </div>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-31872974975124136612009-05-19T02:05:00.001-07:002009-05-19T02:08:10.476-07:00fish ikan<h2 class="date-header">Selasa, 2009 Mei 19</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5848455819222040469"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Aigoromo 35cm (kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr0qAbJt0fFCb4GrWWO9pZloV8mkG4qxpXZh3qzE6Fo493P8bjeyupyXE5kJgNN0kZXki3acxfMe42c-XpioG7mjR0IhO_I8Sqq_47ajvl4qnGiliC32rZEBpFiH7xUsMMWIld1eUxp8/s1600-h/Aigoromo+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337457651891162882" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 170px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr0qAbJt0fFCb4GrWWO9pZloV8mkG4qxpXZh3qzE6Fo493P8bjeyupyXE5kJgNN0kZXki3acxfMe42c-XpioG7mjR0IhO_I8Sqq_47ajvl4qnGiliC32rZEBpFiH7xUsMMWIld1eUxp8/s320/Aigoromo+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /></div><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/aigoromo-35cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T02:00:00-07:00">02:00</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/aigoromo-35cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="459852331152790168"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Maruten budho goshiki 32-35cm (Kontes)</span></strong><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456880683368226" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 166px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5Kk33QHhwL-KEYzsZCdYvDL9q_kXAnbIbljLZGmxh4zadNMQByXTUd6mHWChLQlIyw_PY-4vwwRAki_sfNGQHLDxC_UtPF6KxDJZTmY-7M6k_FJ_tPtV9_LYBLkmFFj2y_YRbLkG2lg/s320/Maruten+budo+goshiki1+33-35cm.jpg" border="0" /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x797lQh18PFc5sF2XSQM1PgWS4a3ml_cPGUQOQgIO5wP4jNYy-Sow2oLR5K0kysf7io2DKPDGToQ9VRcx_SePzbZiecWEZN7sOkzPhhAf_h-LKSzu4gMCe4ivBQZIU5islyPhbEmfNA/s1600-h/Maruten+budo+goshiki2+33-35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456764538546258" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 166px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x797lQh18PFc5sF2XSQM1PgWS4a3ml_cPGUQOQgIO5wP4jNYy-Sow2oLR5K0kysf7io2DKPDGToQ9VRcx_SePzbZiecWEZN7sOkzPhhAf_h-LKSzu4gMCe4ivBQZIU5islyPhbEmfNA/s320/Maruten+budo+goshiki2+33-35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-budho-goshiki-32-35cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:57:00-07:00">01:57</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-budho-goshiki-32-35cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3979984580394570383"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Tancho goromo 28+ (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92JIl9holb3-zPwygMrdDA5C2nUHR7m7zuyWBxm1iCAKDtMLrEZZEtxv_F0GHj6v584tCoehG_ddjaDKzPmtsLjeolmQZxTy4rMecZtCSh-cEkFNq2053e_dFEpTKfICcK759nurah0E/s1600-h/Tancho+goromo1+28-30cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456403238668018" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 177px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92JIl9holb3-zPwygMrdDA5C2nUHR7m7zuyWBxm1iCAKDtMLrEZZEtxv_F0GHj6v584tCoehG_ddjaDKzPmtsLjeolmQZxTy4rMecZtCSh-cEkFNq2053e_dFEpTKfICcK759nurah0E/s320/Tancho+goromo1+28-30cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goromo-28-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:56:00-07:00">01:56</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goromo-28-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5056907025871049375"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Tancho goshiki 23+ (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJ07le5zJtpc6T3ShCfAql5WK3HiF5PeaY55imvNj0dRLOUtpp9FPuwZbpPX6ZhUmGZbSfkc6JtQ48ejOj83aecKnPQCk7FgGA3lp7LSnVCIOd-naIbFgxfCEVpv6sTfDgn1Hdz5H35c/s1600-h/Tancho+goshiki1+23-25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456120294671314" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 191px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJ07le5zJtpc6T3ShCfAql5WK3HiF5PeaY55imvNj0dRLOUtpp9FPuwZbpPX6ZhUmGZbSfkc6JtQ48ejOj83aecKnPQCk7FgGA3lp7LSnVCIOd-naIbFgxfCEVpv6sTfDgn1Hdz5H35c/s320/Tancho+goshiki1+23-25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goshiki-23-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:54:00-07:00">01:54</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goshiki-23-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2048402578715371296"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Goshiki Inazuma 22+- (Kontes)</span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBGz8KuI3ubpEMKP4cJvAMAyCIVd5rThLM5Me3iC5Mu2hqqUlIK4YLDq7zoZ6cpt7V4tfKBL1oyrW0qc6gVk89rXVMIJbpZ9RbA4SsfluRGOMWcGKLKs1wznuLv_IurOYSoYE8qXea2JA/s1600-h/Goshiki+inazuma1+22+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337455464792166194" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 174px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBGz8KuI3ubpEMKP4cJvAMAyCIVd5rThLM5Me3iC5Mu2hqqUlIK4YLDq7zoZ6cpt7V4tfKBL1oyrW0qc6gVk89rXVMIJbpZ9RbA4SsfluRGOMWcGKLKs1wznuLv_IurOYSoYE8qXea2JA/s320/Goshiki+inazuma1+22%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHv_yU5cZx_LiR0JQgK3Xq6Lo1eE1KLCXa1i39irAfD1FSlJA2AnOiILBhjRuYFQGpqLWgv5dc_0g1JYNQ_xvaSMshNTrzpl2teST2CCKNzIbgVxwOl6t8wvUYbI58FB3iFHGrJUxW44/s1600-h/Goshiki+inazuma2+22+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337455359230904546" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 152px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHv_yU5cZx_LiR0JQgK3Xq6Lo1eE1KLCXa1i39irAfD1FSlJA2AnOiILBhjRuYFQGpqLWgv5dc_0g1JYNQ_xvaSMshNTrzpl2teST2CCKNzIbgVxwOl6t8wvUYbI58FB3iFHGrJUxW44/s320/Goshiki+inazuma2+22%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-inazuma-22-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:52:00-07:00">01:52</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-inazuma-22-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1173745114638813629"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Shiro 20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CvAwnyXQKp-mHn7Q6xsQPD1yqUgrkgldDuA8AMRz4lFxEE3D3qVIv40OyDDAApVdNUtlS_d66rd8ZNmxdzhyphenhyphennsVmoFLc4XTY9H7yqFKu9xfiVhU8QT5Zl6pinpvjXk_MfinnrLjYnLA/s1600-h/S3013187.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337454735660349010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 139px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CvAwnyXQKp-mHn7Q6xsQPD1yqUgrkgldDuA8AMRz4lFxEE3D3qVIv40OyDDAApVdNUtlS_d66rd8ZNmxdzhyphenhyphennsVmoFLc4XTY9H7yqFKu9xfiVhU8QT5Zl6pinpvjXk_MfinnrLjYnLA/s320/S3013187.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:49:00-07:00">01:49</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8895308496355954633"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Baby showa 18-20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfeQtwVLYuMsIPtqJpmRyM-PY82PmblxP54a5GXNtl7USKf2MdhCotbiVz12rFXsrsXez3kJdKuxsCbevv9HM5DcPTKQ7mAcVkB3FNTjVUs-BQRA3PIMz9YKJfwIO7KeAu7nX0fdZFws/s1600-h/Baby+showa3+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453884913637602" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 175px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfeQtwVLYuMsIPtqJpmRyM-PY82PmblxP54a5GXNtl7USKf2MdhCotbiVz12rFXsrsXez3kJdKuxsCbevv9HM5DcPTKQ7mAcVkB3FNTjVUs-BQRA3PIMz9YKJfwIO7KeAu7nX0fdZFws/s320/Baby+showa3+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:46:00-07:00">01:46</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4426765814856816036"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQN2OAcY8t3L286_ojPKSujyE__66zQFtLIPVDdKufPtYEH8c_S_Uwtwb6zLK33tlydIWEjUljSOAgpjiRzrn0sw9nUtkvxnY-tP71wRX251mtVSGZDO67X9To8t1y88Ihh4mhujjCzE/s1600-h/Baby+showa5+18cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453279405655250" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 173px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQN2OAcY8t3L286_ojPKSujyE__66zQFtLIPVDdKufPtYEH8c_S_Uwtwb6zLK33tlydIWEjUljSOAgpjiRzrn0sw9nUtkvxnY-tP71wRX251mtVSGZDO67X9To8t1y88Ihh4mhujjCzE/s320/Baby+showa5+18cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"> Baby showa 18+- (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWkrkPhVct5VYHp88N_wfnnz-fDpXdxjyS5tBMomuBn7Nw1XjFOr26WWsLlJxNxNnH7sTm6FzggmgFY9Sea1mLVizbddQ8l9XyHlT35xv7MyNGvsd02hRnK9k9Jf7IgFQ5ZAZpI67VID4/s1600-h/Baby+showa2+18cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453006260100306" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 268px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWkrkPhVct5VYHp88N_wfnnz-fDpXdxjyS5tBMomuBn7Nw1XjFOr26WWsLlJxNxNnH7sTm6FzggmgFY9Sea1mLVizbddQ8l9XyHlT35xv7MyNGvsd02hRnK9k9Jf7IgFQ5ZAZpI67VID4/s320/Baby+showa2+18cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:38:00-07:00">01:38</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5621473823257344645"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEP832R21i6khyqmyuEttuVDiW5fflszNGLP6UzJNDQiNJLeFvhYKItpjzxiQHrJzMUCRgsCrII4CNA-sRy-0LQY8hMEvIjzSvFEoAzAXqcRHw5f_UXRWhAO2lb-H7sNO5ZA1LLPcwF70/s1600-h/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin3+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337451603566652146" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 197px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEP832R21i6khyqmyuEttuVDiW5fflszNGLP6UzJNDQiNJLeFvhYKItpjzxiQHrJzMUCRgsCrII4CNA-sRy-0LQY8hMEvIjzSvFEoAzAXqcRHw5f_UXRWhAO2lb-H7sNO5ZA1LLPcwF70/s320/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin3+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"> Chagoi ginrin 18-20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEby9TMg-9aLn2mZN4SgK2-QHxqQFdFKYcgzxsemz5WjrAdTgzxL_ohlUi-w1NlAcxf7N9kmyXy-z8ui5B1EqVc2venwMIKAN8Wk768JxwoWbbaxKn9W245y34wAFoufG6xTvORa3ynM/s1600-h/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin1+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337451436519120930" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 238px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEby9TMg-9aLn2mZN4SgK2-QHxqQFdFKYcgzxsemz5WjrAdTgzxL_ohlUi-w1NlAcxf7N9kmyXy-z8ui5B1EqVc2venwMIKAN8Wk768JxwoWbbaxKn9W245y34wAFoufG6xTvORa3ynM/s320/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin1+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-18-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:34:00-07:00">01:34</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-18-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Jumat, 2009 Mei 15</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1275891029664945456"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Showa 35-37cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1mX0cneTfBQFaGVsOFY_ASsYPMbzHEzoayUFXqNZWSPFwxWXiW2CndWS158QgfpQPegX63mp4XPGQ8nfrZ4kHZNk36b6fpGTvyMi4Vf44wnaFAf3MGDakRhK0S60durDVz_Yg1kx3cY/s1600-h/Showa+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336043442095030066" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 189px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1mX0cneTfBQFaGVsOFY_ASsYPMbzHEzoayUFXqNZWSPFwxWXiW2CndWS158QgfpQPegX63mp4XPGQ8nfrZ4kHZNk36b6fpGTvyMi4Vf44wnaFAf3MGDakRhK0S60durDVz_Yg1kx3cY/s320/Showa+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-35cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-15T06:32:00-07:00">06:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-35cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7634058723922946674"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Maruten koromo 35cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi_eciwJvYgZnJP9P3DFiVWeqRWy17iBtyORelb_GNUP8p8x7QVmc5FHUfj_uSL12ybUdcEvu8kUA1DEHWO38KPAx7vbEwzjG0r9szRSzOTiJokq3JleMXDqDD-dLpBP8OJF-rqDZO_c/s1600-h/Maruten+koromo1+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336042758451432338" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 213px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi_eciwJvYgZnJP9P3DFiVWeqRWy17iBtyORelb_GNUP8p8x7QVmc5FHUfj_uSL12ybUdcEvu8kUA1DEHWO38KPAx7vbEwzjG0r9szRSzOTiJokq3JleMXDqDD-dLpBP8OJF-rqDZO_c/s320/Maruten+koromo1+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div> </div><div> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Juara 2 kontes disolo </span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">13-15 februari 2009</span></strong></div><div> </div><div> </div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-koromo-35cm-juara-2-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-15T06:30:00-07:00">06:30</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-koromo-35cm-juara-2-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Kamis, 2009 Mei 14</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8470713451163623914"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Bekko 25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXNHPNADnXEl2DQT5etu8B8PeTOet6fccqc2K1_eQhdODLgjtTAArsUSQjZGMAi7zhwfp7NT4BkihfSj1HTv2vXF9_GNAqxFbJUs44LkIdGnBT4J6HK4PCOwVAXGcBhvArb0MHqsYC0U/s1600-h/Bekko+25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335657299837576370" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 118px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXNHPNADnXEl2DQT5etu8B8PeTOet6fccqc2K1_eQhdODLgjtTAArsUSQjZGMAi7zhwfp7NT4BkihfSj1HTv2vXF9_GNAqxFbJUs44LkIdGnBT4J6HK4PCOwVAXGcBhvArb0MHqsYC0U/s320/Bekko+25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:35:00-07:00">05:35</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3017817886991649851"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Bekko ginrin 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3LbhoHlKs9AnKvy_g8LbtpAaeFWLJwizpWfR4gyMyzbPgQsjvhMoPdtXsAmEZakBXvwyqH1zzlLK0yKGD0vZA4-Gtwqn3LjObPfoYi-Q1yLU_zneoy2yi_rwU_gMAN6LhBjl6sMv7SU/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+28cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335657090731607170" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 159px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3LbhoHlKs9AnKvy_g8LbtpAaeFWLJwizpWfR4gyMyzbPgQsjvhMoPdtXsAmEZakBXvwyqH1zzlLK0yKGD0vZA4-Gtwqn3LjObPfoYi-Q1yLU_zneoy2yi_rwU_gMAN6LhBjl6sMv7SU/s320/Bekko+ginrin+28cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-28cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:34:00-07:00">05:34</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-28cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2875624296448578106"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Bekko ginrin 25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiHQ26wCBL-UoEij9I9YFSk-YC1fn-hFaka1lHM_kqVDS15r5aIj_g13jbnTDdteGy8zw3dvV7kIZ53iSFB3ZjaDjCmRm4pH3r_NG7OCkclAHX7IqgHH_wb9qbH_OmIrDslY-GZ_NwSs/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656845474672578" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 147px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiHQ26wCBL-UoEij9I9YFSk-YC1fn-hFaka1lHM_kqVDS15r5aIj_g13jbnTDdteGy8zw3dvV7kIZ53iSFB3ZjaDjCmRm4pH3r_NG7OCkclAHX7IqgHH_wb9qbH_OmIrDslY-GZ_NwSs/s320/Bekko+ginrin25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Karantina..</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:33:00-07:00">05:33</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2159307625224457902"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Bekko ginrin 23cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X0wAPUfvvwagTyp8x5MWzg2Wzu0t-xJtZ0taZTpY1Ba5PE8wdMlUoAkwn6mfilvvBUUTsF83SKRS4XEWdvioqiLqTvrkp7eLKHHTcU48LwoF6Io3WZVJcmlb7VCc9YqwfwqT6N66dxc/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+22-23.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656662185461250" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 109px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X0wAPUfvvwagTyp8x5MWzg2Wzu0t-xJtZ0taZTpY1Ba5PE8wdMlUoAkwn6mfilvvBUUTsF83SKRS4XEWdvioqiLqTvrkp7eLKHHTcU48LwoF6Io3WZVJcmlb7VCc9YqwfwqT6N66dxc/s320/Bekko+ginrin+22-23.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-23cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:32:00-07:00">05:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-23cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3705197200390221402"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Bekko ginrin 20cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoG-P54CNyb8L19Vjr3AQBSTsZcwDjZu8AVZCW8ASEffEjkt1lKuTnO82e6QpVtWW_9AN8nh7LfnyBqBQdfTYKpQLlaAavrPFLJa1QUTME2J7ctT42zmW5RVv4521VNZ8hLsf9TNPKc8/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656405632742802" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 142px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoG-P54CNyb8L19Vjr3AQBSTsZcwDjZu8AVZCW8ASEffEjkt1lKuTnO82e6QpVtWW_9AN8nh7LfnyBqBQdfTYKpQLlaAavrPFLJa1QUTME2J7ctT42zmW5RVv4521VNZ8hLsf9TNPKc8/s320/Bekko+ginrin+20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-20cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:31:00-07:00">05:31</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-20cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Rabu, 2009 Mei 13</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1665480125968422434"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">6ekor shiro ginrin 22-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzO9ataPXu6XMDmmkwXJeBH3EjI3-zrwyxLhIeqhV0uufJmlRIU-7zLNagSylraauXGn7wLLZCgrTLNpjZrwTIuP7OyZ4x_OFbKdGlCvOB_UISOLsdmulHwVyzhUmSBXiJgPMSIfxIpxY/s1600-h/S3013107.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335530376641563090" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzO9ataPXu6XMDmmkwXJeBH3EjI3-zrwyxLhIeqhV0uufJmlRIU-7zLNagSylraauXGn7wLLZCgrTLNpjZrwTIuP7OyZ4x_OFbKdGlCvOB_UISOLsdmulHwVyzhUmSBXiJgPMSIfxIpxY/s320/S3013107.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/6ekor-shiro-ginrin-22-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:22:00-07:00">21:22</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/6ekor-shiro-ginrin-22-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7386893819171961583"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku inazuma 23-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKwSADzoaUKSpe7hXTDUyzM_jFGTklGPBhpINT4PTBhs7-gJIuBtP6rT5BZksp1cXBI0aatJeSRQDndSk2NnBl4oTnC7tif1oFuOQwaVS6BJ5K_RffOpRdGVP5Bho__322veq7mi-Oy0/s1600-h/S3013103.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335530092236779618" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 130px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKwSADzoaUKSpe7hXTDUyzM_jFGTklGPBhpINT4PTBhs7-gJIuBtP6rT5BZksp1cXBI0aatJeSRQDndSk2NnBl4oTnC7tif1oFuOQwaVS6BJ5K_RffOpRdGVP5Bho__322veq7mi-Oy0/s320/S3013103.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-23-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:21:00-07:00">21:21</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-23-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1808556459197710910"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku inazuma kucibeni 23-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdouDgaPZnib0ap3E_KfrY5qhwEAziE1JSZJcoCi3NfM4OhsYo-GY5mwCeA5LcfMIiQbuTOolZ960feh_Xc0JkEdePnHaPYplSDJdU9iww3oogFAJoUtsHGtneFyV7JrZAMa3ixTD1Bo/s1600-h/S3013099.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529869308900706" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 116px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdouDgaPZnib0ap3E_KfrY5qhwEAziE1JSZJcoCi3NfM4OhsYo-GY5mwCeA5LcfMIiQbuTOolZ960feh_Xc0JkEdePnHaPYplSDJdU9iww3oogFAJoUtsHGtneFyV7JrZAMa3ixTD1Bo/s320/S3013099.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Karantina..</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-kucibeni-23-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:20:00-07:00">21:20</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-kucibeni-23-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3999605407909414747"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku 3step 22cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1om_2nDLtYrD6XQUMYJKYlw8aq453kLgl4y8mpSrE9MGqscfCkuDxpfjw_Z6rt0ar1PuhrB37ASFPQcHnOElXAggHqUMH1NDAoM5ElZHHQbTkQQFUIq_so0El454BXOmIO4F3Z70SjfY/s1600-h/S3013098.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529649531078386" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 134px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1om_2nDLtYrD6XQUMYJKYlw8aq453kLgl4y8mpSrE9MGqscfCkuDxpfjw_Z6rt0ar1PuhrB37ASFPQcHnOElXAggHqUMH1NDAoM5ElZHHQbTkQQFUIq_so0El454BXOmIO4F3Z70SjfY/s320/S3013098.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-3step-22cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:19:00-07:00">21:19</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-3step-22cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8223920850100814320"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku 26-27cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJn4XyII1xKNMcQ6ku8PgjSa0OCdlYdkN5tnmh0d2YPWyLHkDMIqyxr98dYcrt8lhpLVjRXd78jBuzDLVFyAEec_So2OP8iEsC_f3Fo7SIaKLeKzQfjb0lzwQTfakkOSQZpyVGVyk9gw/s1600-h/S3013096.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529437904723170" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 134px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJn4XyII1xKNMcQ6ku8PgjSa0OCdlYdkN5tnmh0d2YPWyLHkDMIqyxr98dYcrt8lhpLVjRXd78jBuzDLVFyAEec_So2OP8iEsC_f3Fo7SIaKLeKzQfjb0lzwQTfakkOSQZpyVGVyk9gw/s320/S3013096.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-26-27cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:19:00-07:00">21:19</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-26-27cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7067645953935260863"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4qKW-6Zk0I6gkLWOWUt8bvXiQG28Evft1lcWAEVCa3R5wg1S0JZwJEZywXbdde_s8Q-7wsRY42urcIj4GQY7jImxhlh6HuLFpAVJSXOc7165G7XOsvvZvHoobsfp7GfMKZ1Ba6VyB3Aw/s1600-h/S3013094.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529238076161698" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 109px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4qKW-6Zk0I6gkLWOWUt8bvXiQG28Evft1lcWAEVCa3R5wg1S0JZwJEZywXbdde_s8Q-7wsRY42urcIj4GQY7jImxhlh6HuLFpAVJSXOc7165G7XOsvvZvHoobsfp7GfMKZ1Ba6VyB3Aw/s320/S3013094.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-28cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:18:00-07:00">21:18</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-28cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="9120306537210045430"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku 33cm<br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDApmn3DSS9IweT_Hbb6IAP7GhbzrWQK1XcrK_OE1sDjOvXhiFyjgPN3_nBt1FYyi75_ujTJFkZb2FEZdeY5ZhMMHGMXLsxnasY9dIn0rRNXQ9Y43qOwGGuuHcO77xjhjKBI1JzuBiUk/s1600-h/S3013089.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335528936988629506" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 130px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDApmn3DSS9IweT_Hbb6IAP7GhbzrWQK1XcrK_OE1sDjOvXhiFyjgPN3_nBt1FYyi75_ujTJFkZb2FEZdeY5ZhMMHGMXLsxnasY9dIn0rRNXQ9Y43qOwGGuuHcO77xjhjKBI1JzuBiUk/s320/S3013089.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-33cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:16:00-07:00">21:16</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-33cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="9201417727845609591"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">5ekor tancho 22-30cm (Show quality)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7UGpyblYlC48xJWOrk8Tk2svp61IGGoqSo6fpsMvtLRmSFSRa2Oz0qn89ospviIE1TwSRI6J2NeG7PUM_qVEBdUBcUSZY26TE2-nmYCGnlxkWZHs8q9ZiqlUAKoqlJQqEHbhHDPUOOE/s1600-h/S3013088.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335319008552262498" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 296px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7UGpyblYlC48xJWOrk8Tk2svp61IGGoqSo6fpsMvtLRmSFSRa2Oz0qn89ospviIE1TwSRI6J2NeG7PUM_qVEBdUBcUSZY26TE2-nmYCGnlxkWZHs8q9ZiqlUAKoqlJQqEHbhHDPUOOE/s320/S3013088.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_4075.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T07:42:00-07:00">07:42</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_4075.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="465889918287791157"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> Tancho budo<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3hLHjSHya7skkv6EBRAJTa8qmOWoJtllaWs9fgsG_33h4PAPl7xLyZKnhyphenhyphenbt5yemXzxlZAZTtYM4Ksjtrb5Yq8N2rEzCZWdaZNh40FW7lCQKb7EiG3O7ZMMbKMfTJWHL1Fzi3DZvcWc/s1600-h/Tancho+budo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335318160903140530" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 108px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3hLHjSHya7skkv6EBRAJTa8qmOWoJtllaWs9fgsG_33h4PAPl7xLyZKnhyphenhyphenbt5yemXzxlZAZTtYM4Ksjtrb5Yq8N2rEzCZWdaZNh40FW7lCQKb7EiG3O7ZMMbKMfTJWHL1Fzi3DZvcWc/s320/Tancho+budo.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-budo.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T07:39:00-07:00">07:39</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-budo.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2556147266012849863"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Ikan dikolam blower ga keliatan</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVe8DvIUOQItBNJosHmpeWQ9UbQALYyHRELHJlVpyY3sfxhC-cN8d5GcYDGmDSM7C3Urzyr7T7P1O6h2yMbztEfQg-A5Exm2cEtkqF15DjcqCsG0t-6jlOsuLaoQn5c3uluSQZIKl5UQ/s1600-h/Ikan+ga+keliatan.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335204747181196722" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVe8DvIUOQItBNJosHmpeWQ9UbQALYyHRELHJlVpyY3sfxhC-cN8d5GcYDGmDSM7C3Urzyr7T7P1O6h2yMbztEfQg-A5Exm2cEtkqF15DjcqCsG0t-6jlOsuLaoQn5c3uluSQZIKl5UQ/s320/Ikan+ga+keliatan.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQ3ViJsvH3rwUFF-WxyFsqzblnI5RJshpYBv8cQZjIGUwht8_J27R46RY80n41HxZJshH-FTp43TrAZJac07AA6o3F8_iJDvc5fvp1aoSkn-qKefz9L9cIXDHkwQwa3Z_28uBUKZgS3w/s1600-h/Bersama+dikolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335204611794439458" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQ3ViJsvH3rwUFF-WxyFsqzblnI5RJshpYBv8cQZjIGUwht8_J27R46RY80n41HxZJshH-FTp43TrAZJac07AA6o3F8_iJDvc5fvp1aoSkn-qKefz9L9cIXDHkwQwa3Z_28uBUKZgS3w/s320/Bersama+dikolam.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-blower-ga-keliatan-kumpul.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T00:18:00-07:00">00:18</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-blower-ga-keliatan-kumpul.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Senin, 2009 Mei 11</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3894194745913879738"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong>Sanke 40-42cm</strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLF6XYDWbTybsiSFTb2kiRd36ZKeYWNKFyBlRxBZ9Cm6kf6c_mO5kfJ3gXtRVpMEwJrJ4DF9dKEj4cfLMAxohPnIQZ0AyXCNep4g7kCzRTNxX9yOWJ1KpiPqUgusWSSrafDEx5GAnZvvs/s1600-h/Sanke+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336046712556068002" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 251px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLF6XYDWbTybsiSFTb2kiRd36ZKeYWNKFyBlRxBZ9Cm6kf6c_mO5kfJ3gXtRVpMEwJrJ4DF9dKEj4cfLMAxohPnIQZ0AyXCNep4g7kCzRTNxX9yOWJ1KpiPqUgusWSSrafDEx5GAnZvvs/s320/Sanke+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_11.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-11T23:32:00-07:00">23:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_11.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2774417939940103900"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUF07qb1HZq1T8BJzP_AVB3jkme4UuOdmKeVB6EbRG9sVm3lMZtJW2nYRynQX6E9XQkpbb_Mli-reCvr6JN2k0MVRkj3GM-N6GCD6HxljYRkQQZzO6tVDU0dvGJDSn5T8H_xggnhAUzx0/s1600-h/kumpul+dikolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334811611020921506" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUF07qb1HZq1T8BJzP_AVB3jkme4UuOdmKeVB6EbRG9sVm3lMZtJW2nYRynQX6E9XQkpbb_Mli-reCvr6JN2k0MVRkj3GM-N6GCD6HxljYRkQQZzO6tVDU0dvGJDSn5T8H_xggnhAUzx0/s320/kumpul+dikolam.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong> Kumpul dikolam bersama ikan boss onx_83</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtarBOTHgjvmVW6Ym198Seh2ZRJe7YJ_igp5vQwX6F7frHo1kpwLHdfydWH83GyQgWs0Xk314lj0mjZf7wVJh4fdCrHmrqNqgqdH7qNGqpjpXiChSHK2btGdB2hpYKLN21Aj5nRqqO-ns/s1600-h/Kumpul+dikolam2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334811387695104850" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtarBOTHgjvmVW6Ym198Seh2ZRJe7YJ_igp5vQwX6F7frHo1kpwLHdfydWH83GyQgWs0Xk314lj0mjZf7wVJh4fdCrHmrqNqgqdH7qNGqpjpXiChSHK2btGdB2hpYKLN21Aj5nRqqO-ns/s320/Kumpul+dikolam2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kumpul-dikolam-bersama-ikan-boss-onx83.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-11T22:50:00-07:00">22:50</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kumpul-dikolam-bersama-ikan-boss-onx83.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Jumat, 2009 Mei 08</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5530142054794225946"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwAwCz-kCQXSpqQG9tfxu6wfR1m-_KWzVkWELeA57YCGpKoPryWi-_0vgtG0Eh7AmjZyZXyjbsAKvk6IaLVOi-YeHuTtegJDom-CNhtIXRPSHFIzpGURm_m0XHdBgvodSk_yXtc2DDfw/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333424874513692498" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwAwCz-kCQXSpqQG9tfxu6wfR1m-_KWzVkWELeA57YCGpKoPryWi-_0vgtG0Eh7AmjZyZXyjbsAKvk6IaLVOi-YeHuTtegJDom-CNhtIXRPSHFIzpGURm_m0XHdBgvodSk_yXtc2DDfw/s200/ikan+dikolam4.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size: 180%;"> Ikan dikolam 2</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzmeXT-ovF7_8kP3zxr5bZg2MsY62cMmaRFVyU0Nt8ureE8-VLmTm_p1d0amSwJIR4IU35jioj-Aqfi4NlPERrCZ3ecm-3ohaZqF3DC3JDvGroq9F6L05tGW7peB8dv78rHfmmi9yNg1o/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam5.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333424660921656226" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzmeXT-ovF7_8kP3zxr5bZg2MsY62cMmaRFVyU0Nt8ureE8-VLmTm_p1d0amSwJIR4IU35jioj-Aqfi4NlPERrCZ3ecm-3ohaZqF3DC3JDvGroq9F6L05tGW7peB8dv78rHfmmi9yNg1o/s200/ikan+dikolam5.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusiY7YC0cplh8w8QGppk-Jpw8XxhfSCVhaxLfN_ybHKxIGIK0ObTNTIqwDs-rfu5KMzWmiFExf7pGmu92YZIqB7CC8azljIY_uOz_MXRqv2DbBEJGhkL6HFo12lNmNmqNO-UOlW1PX8/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333423511126715394" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusiY7YC0cplh8w8QGppk-Jpw8XxhfSCVhaxLfN_ybHKxIGIK0ObTNTIqwDs-rfu5KMzWmiFExf7pGmu92YZIqB7CC8azljIY_uOz_MXRqv2DbBEJGhkL6HFo12lNmNmqNO-UOlW1PX8/s200/ikan+dikolam3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-2.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-08T05:05:00-07:00">05:05</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-2.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="881902579719444955"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2Sr9j8KTVXIQqCnLVyi2MjTUJ_vdFxEE9woy15ZnaDHaDjsBD_JECBX36FDScIcfJgYeF0zdPYYGRjXemc5qIVqdhTY2yJXvQq23VXAnLWY_gDHp71SgQ09EFaKZ7t5ELSSH2AApwEY/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333422936226564578" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2Sr9j8KTVXIQqCnLVyi2MjTUJ_vdFxEE9woy15ZnaDHaDjsBD_JECBX36FDScIcfJgYeF0zdPYYGRjXemc5qIVqdhTY2yJXvQq23VXAnLWY_gDHp71SgQ09EFaKZ7t5ELSSH2AApwEY/s200/ikan+dikolam2.jpg" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size: 180%;"><strong>Ikan dikolam 1</strong><br /></span><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNlr9SlfTsh9DKNGwNr0H2fMQxoBRGYshVLFVroCzFjefB6eR-_DhcWFDcODDbjHOYVVeQPklWP5n3OB1mteZWn_rScMTFw7Ve6bep5cFc6zTd9K3B54aUh4ZAlOFRn_uDpHkLXKbH6U/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333422746765605010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNlr9SlfTsh9DKNGwNr0H2fMQxoBRGYshVLFVroCzFjefB6eR-_DhcWFDcODDbjHOYVVeQPklWP5n3OB1mteZWn_rScMTFw7Ve6bep5cFc6zTd9K3B54aUh4ZAlOFRn_uDpHkLXKbH6U/s200/ikan+dikolam1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-1.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-08T05:03:00-07:00">05:03</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-1.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Rabu, 2009 Mei 06</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7678229726753940660"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYv-CuoVrf782JD2xFGyaEtCS1cEpYHWbhwV-rLHK-o-ogmoHMzeyQnISms7nmESrCYMrVKO3rIyjTGiemQspz66ea1zAL6AZA1FS2cfUe7rlECWsp_vvcU5LQLTY9Xp1yYAP01LNk9MU/s1600-h/goshiki+35+-.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333420173235488962" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 104px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYv-CuoVrf782JD2xFGyaEtCS1cEpYHWbhwV-rLHK-o-ogmoHMzeyQnISms7nmESrCYMrVKO3rIyjTGiemQspz66ea1zAL6AZA1FS2cfUe7rlECWsp_vvcU5LQLTY9Xp1yYAP01LNk9MU/s200/goshiki+35%2B-.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Goshiki 35+-</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CogmDBd71WxqKTu_7iRB5MYTaZU6DhvoNEVz5HUSLAz2YG7DPVSpCT2bdI_a0ONPXQ91wbHawviequvRZ363wHG3-4EIRsQCdwQae0e_7XPj6CbdQIhGr-owMaXDHe01qiDWpU4C7IA/s1600-h/New+Goshiki+33cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332640739731776946" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CogmDBd71WxqKTu_7iRB5MYTaZU6DhvoNEVz5HUSLAz2YG7DPVSpCT2bdI_a0ONPXQ91wbHawviequvRZ363wHG3-4EIRsQCdwQae0e_7XPj6CbdQIhGr-owMaXDHe01qiDWpU4C7IA/s200/New+Goshiki+33cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Karantina..</span></strong> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-35.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:29:00-07:00">02:29</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-35.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2272667442102105787"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong>Sakai asagi 37cm</strong> <div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iyH5s2fVFwrYjHAmmLuAodIfaJIRw_uc681Vn-C4l4WoAf7E22jRnwqmu01J5L2tI4mIboaOpO3gEuh1QYJOx80agasKACB7lz_EOLwFg1dhQkmUUBaeI000GjnZRm95OWOXxODBkDM/s1600-h/Asagi3+37cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333418613501149106" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 122px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iyH5s2fVFwrYjHAmmLuAodIfaJIRw_uc681Vn-C4l4WoAf7E22jRnwqmu01J5L2tI4mIboaOpO3gEuh1QYJOx80agasKACB7lz_EOLwFg1dhQkmUUBaeI000GjnZRm95OWOXxODBkDM/s200/Asagi3+37cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/sakai-asagi-37-38cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:25:00-07:00">02:25</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/sakai-asagi-37-38cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4075054933183771215"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU6R7WjvywXOpRe_W_D7NxCDTIxr6D_t9CsyyHp0DawLDrtsi1H7XJUsikAzUOKduLU_3BZlfEW33hehWj1Z-ixTKW8v0KUy1aDL5iFi-v8sRg-kZiId548SbZrRYmOBJafDic0GpsLg/s1600-h/DSC00036.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332639303527668866" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU6R7WjvywXOpRe_W_D7NxCDTIxr6D_t9CsyyHp0DawLDrtsi1H7XJUsikAzUOKduLU_3BZlfEW33hehWj1Z-ixTKW8v0KUy1aDL5iFi-v8sRg-kZiId548SbZrRYmOBJafDic0GpsLg/s200/DSC00036.JPG" border="0" /></a><strong>Kolam karantina</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jzXJKi_WOGqSwMAUTohJzhazZdmuCPjfpUdVvVXnAYfM9GLWPgU8EqxuUpyUhgwjnhe5Kcl6jsDg6u8uSqNP4NOYU33OWfNM-RrFD0cYCNh8qAUXidnt50PMdX3j4YQnVuH8K5-XDf4/s1600-h/DSC00035.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332638020778156210" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jzXJKi_WOGqSwMAUTohJzhazZdmuCPjfpUdVvVXnAYfM9GLWPgU8EqxuUpyUhgwjnhe5Kcl6jsDg6u8uSqNP4NOYU33OWfNM-RrFD0cYCNh8qAUXidnt50PMdX3j4YQnVuH8K5-XDf4/s200/DSC00035.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREezepRQ1_Va8eaFZSiwyjhFGIWSx-37tBBLLjNamtEbEqfJV4ZoaNLf9uLR2EulaX-k0L2JWJhUvaG8Ni_E3nwEiTmrBCFoyvbM3GaS32HwUhw0aaDgk9VFqqay9anYGQU9WC9dZW2s/s1600-h/Karantina.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332635575389116482" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREezepRQ1_Va8eaFZSiwyjhFGIWSx-37tBBLLjNamtEbEqfJV4ZoaNLf9uLR2EulaX-k0L2JWJhUvaG8Ni_E3nwEiTmrBCFoyvbM3GaS32HwUhw0aaDgk9VFqqay9anYGQU9WC9dZW2s/s200/Karantina.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-novkoi.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:08:00-07:00">02:08</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-novkoi.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5518799887408464797"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUCzkKTPQZ0sitvDf5ss-N0AR6Lo5X5-9zXDaRNejGPib974PE7T4u4xVitMrxjWOdZsDzOaksM6YPJD_Dp-hvhbn-xuzyrfYz6SIR4Tk6A6zr-u_ORrYEU1W8nhF6ui5eYuR3NjdL1U/s1600-h/G1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332634644585864178" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 150px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUCzkKTPQZ0sitvDf5ss-N0AR6Lo5X5-9zXDaRNejGPib974PE7T4u4xVitMrxjWOdZsDzOaksM6YPJD_Dp-hvhbn-xuzyrfYz6SIR4Tk6A6zr-u_ORrYEU1W8nhF6ui5eYuR3NjdL1U/s200/G1.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong>Ikan Boss onx_83 dikolam baru</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobJqJPFjl8XP3cH2rcXmlABDTeBk_-vpA2kehLVMAU5KC9NX34EvWLG4NL4rlLEq2Gv49qpUdSWfXiurC1i0pEChIg8POE2nUmfLa_oXZmKyg-DR3T93KR0BQrJkCw8MMFXpGJtCVTCo/s1600-h/DSC00108.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332634387745002626" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 156px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobJqJPFjl8XP3cH2rcXmlABDTeBk_-vpA2kehLVMAU5KC9NX34EvWLG4NL4rlLEq2Gv49qpUdSWfXiurC1i0pEChIg8POE2nUmfLa_oXZmKyg-DR3T93KR0BQrJkCw8MMFXpGJtCVTCo/s200/DSC00108.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-onx83-dikolam-baru.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:47:00-07:00">01:47</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-onx83-dikolam-baru.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3255725181133597018"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Shusui 40cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjteroBrPJgBTaSEz27GuyMRDFUtGJ8ysKwfQNSJNmeYGFHDj3Bp3A5KIMqpmaDWRFlEhdboH8Z7qa-JxUMUXsuct_nWbGH7rMnTSFI0b7tCPFxXI6-opedrrmV2haJshENcTqtcYxnRFI/s1600-h/Shusui+40cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333417548788237778" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 154px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjteroBrPJgBTaSEz27GuyMRDFUtGJ8ysKwfQNSJNmeYGFHDj3Bp3A5KIMqpmaDWRFlEhdboH8Z7qa-JxUMUXsuct_nWbGH7rMnTSFI0b7tCPFxXI6-opedrrmV2haJshENcTqtcYxnRFI/s200/Shusui+40cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><br /></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shusui-40cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:46:00-07:00">01:46</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shusui-40cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5789235931096610965"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfa_lOEGqP1frZpJmZvTG8JQku8Vu8oMBqKaTjemRtwPFthq3vAY1a-sqcsdVPvID63OaIAtExitf5fWFDGO0DrcJTzBP3Ws9Oh8j8UD25dYjEThA-jnOW-ssJHDBLeIzsc-oKVqV0Zg/s1600-h/S3013054.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333815827991206642" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 133px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfa_lOEGqP1frZpJmZvTG8JQku8Vu8oMBqKaTjemRtwPFthq3vAY1a-sqcsdVPvID63OaIAtExitf5fWFDGO0DrcJTzBP3Ws9Oh8j8UD25dYjEThA-jnOW-ssJHDBLeIzsc-oKVqV0Zg/s320/S3013054.JPG" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Showa 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmqK0IMMZVFIVSXZrFUUpT7TnflPfK1PUqjHRmh4JHoa-rhBeHmcFZYQt-Qwy-4M4uVy_nNz1FCZwWYBAe60uRgwNtcc_a2MoVGFgKUxCp54DGA8F9Sw3M2L-AA3rB_U0hsj_TWlUBLo/s1600-h/Showa+28cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332629502564164818" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 128px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmqK0IMMZVFIVSXZrFUUpT7TnflPfK1PUqjHRmh4JHoa-rhBeHmcFZYQt-Qwy-4M4uVy_nNz1FCZwWYBAe60uRgwNtcc_a2MoVGFgKUxCp54DGA8F9Sw3M2L-AA3rB_U0hsj_TWlUBLo/s320/Showa+28cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-28cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:45:00-07:00">01:45</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-28cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6606186213033979606"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Shiro ginrin 24cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkuk73udob3EASSwNPi5nsAIhQd6Dve18Zr2h-tQ-ahAfEOfIL5P1X763eLoMb-U87XA7nOO30jMXpISJUEkc7JPr9p__jn5THKl1en4pni0M6dv4ptemh7eLWFIcMMWOLA-LOfP8Wiw/s1600-h/shiro+ginrin+23.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332628376667949778" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 121px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkuk73udob3EASSwNPi5nsAIhQd6Dve18Zr2h-tQ-ahAfEOfIL5P1X763eLoMb-U87XA7nOO30jMXpISJUEkc7JPr9p__jn5THKl1en4pni0M6dv4ptemh7eLWFIcMMWOLA-LOfP8Wiw/s320/shiro+ginrin+23.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-ginrin-24cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:41:00-07:00">01:41</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-ginrin-24cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6638539233416466994"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Chagoi Ginrin 35+</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFIAQrZkyTreBXjf2YTTOjxN2k_j8GnywvqBuMLs2X0XkX9GxIuzjNPAM6_dYYge4JiUCSSBaITlq25u9jbb4RQdr_Bp6kMYO1BpLp0ksMvCQPrBZn38gMm8VkUqv0TCw4B5A59cgzg4/s1600-h/Chagoi+hitam+ginrin1+35+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332628028408315010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 243px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFIAQrZkyTreBXjf2YTTOjxN2k_j8GnywvqBuMLs2X0XkX9GxIuzjNPAM6_dYYge4JiUCSSBaITlq25u9jbb4RQdr_Bp6kMYO1BpLp0ksMvCQPrBZn38gMm8VkUqv0TCw4B5A59cgzg4/s320/Chagoi+hitam+ginrin1+35%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-35-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:33:00-07:00">01:33</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-35-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8924522429807084701"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Sn8Nd76fo3gXBDf4VksqidJqQw97Z3mvNoraKkBIXaNUiawjrwWyq7FR67zlzLgS_IihTA4_d6pvD_sLeYJSemx3txXJRFYhm3vBeMfoVYQJnKOLRE9Jcwcg8YVfNB2xSTnrt9-X2k/s1600-h/Kohaku+27cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332625768948807058" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 189px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Sn8Nd76fo3gXBDf4VksqidJqQw97Z3mvNoraKkBIXaNUiawjrwWyq7FR67zlzLgS_IihTA4_d6pvD_sLeYJSemx3txXJRFYhm3vBeMfoVYQJnKOLRE9Jcwcg8YVfNB2xSTnrt9-X2k/s320/Kohaku+27cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong> <span style="font-size: 130%;">Kohaku 27cm<br /></span></strong><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitd8ZvdSJpKAwiB6sDyYqbpCaRjfard7XTF0NSkmga_bHPuCu0VmjKocpmwLUTxIoiFKnYV8lCBKvSgXob1SS1bxOsJAVoWNTfeOHpUaGM_0IUrVmhVonTraMIc7zJi9CwkN0xHt5vAU8/s1600-h/Kohaku+27cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332625417212273090" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 158px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitd8ZvdSJpKAwiB6sDyYqbpCaRjfard7XTF0NSkmga_bHPuCu0VmjKocpmwLUTxIoiFKnYV8lCBKvSgXob1SS1bxOsJAVoWNTfeOHpUaGM_0IUrVmhVonTraMIc7zJi9CwkN0xHt5vAU8/s320/Kohaku+27cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-27cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:29:00-07:00">01:29</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-27cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3192225134680644466"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Showa 25cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0Sh_G9iKtAefJKxG05E5TosvKF4-TeTCiEhkxXyt2BPOFTC61rVRZ9FVtihz-dxRugrkalemYJwsg76xzdgW3xrcuB0WGxLcjGcS_3ytJhJO4x8k0PrNqUd9kx1UICwxeO_wqtx3cvk/s1600-h/S30125475.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332624118496077490" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 115px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0Sh_G9iKtAefJKxG05E5TosvKF4-TeTCiEhkxXyt2BPOFTC61rVRZ9FVtihz-dxRugrkalemYJwsg76xzdgW3xrcuB0WGxLcjGcS_3ytJhJO4x8k0PrNqUd9kx1UICwxeO_wqtx3cvk/s320/S30125475.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-25cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:23:00-07:00">01:23</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-25cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6659006814688897382"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVtnLuMnJsj4wCsheBPucSPui_FeXlkjXxaWS2t3LI98BKnBLb0-ORWw2b-sSBuNzf4ues-J8_pRXB0R0uHMPkORfnK78A3RX4kIGmtAVJzjNyf4Krjerwv7w8CDu_9E1JvmkYLy4N4M/s1600-h/Beni+kumonryu1+30cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332621261221908514" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 183px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVtnLuMnJsj4wCsheBPucSPui_FeXlkjXxaWS2t3LI98BKnBLb0-ORWw2b-sSBuNzf4ues-J8_pRXB0R0uHMPkORfnK78A3RX4kIGmtAVJzjNyf4Krjerwv7w8CDu_9E1JvmkYLy4N4M/s320/Beni+kumonryu1+30cm.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Beni kumonryu 30cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAZ0bFVDKsUGcZizNTihXsgzy4tvs9Ph5A_C6h4ospcSxnpCPHIyOfcUUwUnxCMWQLeVvHv6OqUjhHKsWzqn_JueA7NHOvMc2YSbZsgELeiA90wqNqhgx8KQNVBzYXw_RQ9Uopbm_a1Gg/s1600-h/S3012477.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332620650362656050" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 122px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAZ0bFVDKsUGcZizNTihXsgzy4tvs9Ph5A_C6h4ospcSxnpCPHIyOfcUUwUnxCMWQLeVvHv6OqUjhHKsWzqn_JueA7NHOvMc2YSbZsgELeiA90wqNqhgx8KQNVBzYXw_RQ9Uopbm_a1Gg/s320/S3012477.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>JUARA I BLITAR KOI SHOW<br />24-26 April 2009<br />JENIS KAWARIMONO<br />TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong>onx_83</strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/beni-kumonryu-30cm-juara-i-blitar-koi.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:09:00-07:00">01:09</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/beni-kumonryu-30cm-juara-i-blitar-koi.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Sabtu, 2009 Mei 02</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4296597664026438118"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDV5Fip6Rx0eSShpSbeCSMGuE0jZadn1e7lR3L0e5IkuU2CmC6rBNn3Lg-xlk6GJT-VWt91x1ONgFRG7RIB-PJrtPO0EfPY94XBLN2_nATIcKKnCGb7m3MD3HuS-VHBcQhIV91kbcOxM/s1600-h/Karantina1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331203634042612770" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDV5Fip6Rx0eSShpSbeCSMGuE0jZadn1e7lR3L0e5IkuU2CmC6rBNn3Lg-xlk6GJT-VWt91x1ONgFRG7RIB-PJrtPO0EfPY94XBLN2_nATIcKKnCGb7m3MD3HuS-VHBcQhIV91kbcOxM/s320/Karantina1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Kolam karantina 3x4x1</span></strong></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qtxke2bzyV6ZXbSJkcgY2mpuII6BXW_pCKLlQ5mghW4LxL6H-kUoZpm5WTCt7844Wq-BAhb3QUSzVxK4VcYo73iXZDCFqwuwY5jeey8pOY_jIMDWRnrbnXteyrY4LW42T2uH3Z7m0p8/s1600-h/Karantina.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331203275472640610" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qtxke2bzyV6ZXbSJkcgY2mpuII6BXW_pCKLlQ5mghW4LxL6H-kUoZpm5WTCt7844Wq-BAhb3QUSzVxK4VcYo73iXZDCFqwuwY5jeey8pOY_jIMDWRnrbnXteyrY4LW42T2uH3Z7m0p8/s320/Karantina.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-3x4x1.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-02T05:30:00-07:00">05:30</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-3x4x1.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6215635219543511242"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Dalam kolam (belum jadi)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0P2E_XvZ7zi8xkJSp1kk6h3KoG0_SBjuGpQdQ8PSpOPVqBIIwNcdLolLHRDwsJO9HV6XZZSO9l0mDsNvCo9nC1YiqSlZeH5ICUqhkfhbUNDd9H6XHBaAYHmXIp50SicfR1OIyoJGuG4/s1600-h/g2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202955132496338" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0P2E_XvZ7zi8xkJSp1kk6h3KoG0_SBjuGpQdQ8PSpOPVqBIIwNcdLolLHRDwsJO9HV6XZZSO9l0mDsNvCo9nC1YiqSlZeH5ICUqhkfhbUNDd9H6XHBaAYHmXIp50SicfR1OIyoJGuG4/s320/g2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Media filter 6 lubang</span></strong></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQwXtnoEUfhIeN9S9NuxFaO6Pngma90PUbErfWbsZ-yjKqhLegJKe_JtXETl888KrWYRdrfTJOY29emr497-iN9vY3P6WkQIH7Q9DohcqIlMRRm3y5y7_mu7jyoZsgzYU1TjS_ssN1sw/s1600-h/G1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202702597799490" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQwXtnoEUfhIeN9S9NuxFaO6Pngma90PUbErfWbsZ-yjKqhLegJKe_JtXETl888KrWYRdrfTJOY29emr497-iN9vY3P6WkQIH7Q9DohcqIlMRRm3y5y7_mu7jyoZsgzYU1TjS_ssN1sw/s320/G1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/dalam-kolam-belum-jadi-media-filter-6.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-02T05:28:00-07:00">05:28</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/dalam-kolam-belum-jadi-media-filter-6.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <a name="418572264042958365"></a> <strong><span style="font-size: 130%;">Desain Kolam baru</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYCwav2PCCSIaFstGU7ruhN158UfDhNaoBHQCenQcs9hQXjKJyu4z1qdEWBHbT8fj5X0adjDPnR9ZLKj24htEWiXlDre3e0uA5cXVzxMUdiu4N4ZBmBY8qYh93fR5LVjI-02Ew42jlx_w/s1600-h/new+desain+Kolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202205958833218" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYCwav2PCCSIaFstGU7ruhN158UfDhNaoBHQCenQcs9hQXjKJyu4z1qdEWBHbT8fj5X0adjDPnR9ZLKj24htEWiXlDre3e0uA5cXVzxMUdiu4N4ZBmBY8qYh93fR5LVjI-02Ew42jlx_w/s320/new+desain+Kolam.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong>tanda titik merah </strong></div><div><strong>untuk sentoran</strong></div><div><strong>air dibawah kolam..</strong></div>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-484334412176871992009-05-19T02:05:00.000-07:002009-11-20T05:03:48.657-08:00<h2 class="date-header">Selasa, 2009 Mei 19</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5848455819222040469"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Aigoromo 35cm (kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr0qAbJt0fFCb4GrWWO9pZloV8mkG4qxpXZh3qzE6Fo493P8bjeyupyXE5kJgNN0kZXki3acxfMe42c-XpioG7mjR0IhO_I8Sqq_47ajvl4qnGiliC32rZEBpFiH7xUsMMWIld1eUxp8/s1600-h/Aigoromo+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337457651891162882" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 170px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr0qAbJt0fFCb4GrWWO9pZloV8mkG4qxpXZh3qzE6Fo493P8bjeyupyXE5kJgNN0kZXki3acxfMe42c-XpioG7mjR0IhO_I8Sqq_47ajvl4qnGiliC32rZEBpFiH7xUsMMWIld1eUxp8/s320/Aigoromo+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br /></div><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/aigoromo-35cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T02:00:00-07:00">02:00</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/aigoromo-35cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="459852331152790168"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Maruten budho goshiki 32-35cm (Kontes)</span></strong><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456880683368226" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 166px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5Kk33QHhwL-KEYzsZCdYvDL9q_kXAnbIbljLZGmxh4zadNMQByXTUd6mHWChLQlIyw_PY-4vwwRAki_sfNGQHLDxC_UtPF6KxDJZTmY-7M6k_FJ_tPtV9_LYBLkmFFj2y_YRbLkG2lg/s320/Maruten+budo+goshiki1+33-35cm.jpg" border="0" /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x797lQh18PFc5sF2XSQM1PgWS4a3ml_cPGUQOQgIO5wP4jNYy-Sow2oLR5K0kysf7io2DKPDGToQ9VRcx_SePzbZiecWEZN7sOkzPhhAf_h-LKSzu4gMCe4ivBQZIU5islyPhbEmfNA/s1600-h/Maruten+budo+goshiki2+33-35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456764538546258" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 166px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x797lQh18PFc5sF2XSQM1PgWS4a3ml_cPGUQOQgIO5wP4jNYy-Sow2oLR5K0kysf7io2DKPDGToQ9VRcx_SePzbZiecWEZN7sOkzPhhAf_h-LKSzu4gMCe4ivBQZIU5islyPhbEmfNA/s320/Maruten+budo+goshiki2+33-35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-budho-goshiki-32-35cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:57:00-07:00">01:57</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-budho-goshiki-32-35cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3979984580394570383"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Tancho goromo 28+ (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92JIl9holb3-zPwygMrdDA5C2nUHR7m7zuyWBxm1iCAKDtMLrEZZEtxv_F0GHj6v584tCoehG_ddjaDKzPmtsLjeolmQZxTy4rMecZtCSh-cEkFNq2053e_dFEpTKfICcK759nurah0E/s1600-h/Tancho+goromo1+28-30cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456403238668018" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 177px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92JIl9holb3-zPwygMrdDA5C2nUHR7m7zuyWBxm1iCAKDtMLrEZZEtxv_F0GHj6v584tCoehG_ddjaDKzPmtsLjeolmQZxTy4rMecZtCSh-cEkFNq2053e_dFEpTKfICcK759nurah0E/s320/Tancho+goromo1+28-30cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goromo-28-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:56:00-07:00">01:56</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goromo-28-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5056907025871049375"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Tancho goshiki 23+ (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJ07le5zJtpc6T3ShCfAql5WK3HiF5PeaY55imvNj0dRLOUtpp9FPuwZbpPX6ZhUmGZbSfkc6JtQ48ejOj83aecKnPQCk7FgGA3lp7LSnVCIOd-naIbFgxfCEVpv6sTfDgn1Hdz5H35c/s1600-h/Tancho+goshiki1+23-25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337456120294671314" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 191px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJ07le5zJtpc6T3ShCfAql5WK3HiF5PeaY55imvNj0dRLOUtpp9FPuwZbpPX6ZhUmGZbSfkc6JtQ48ejOj83aecKnPQCk7FgGA3lp7LSnVCIOd-naIbFgxfCEVpv6sTfDgn1Hdz5H35c/s320/Tancho+goshiki1+23-25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goshiki-23-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:54:00-07:00">01:54</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-goshiki-23-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2048402578715371296"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Goshiki Inazuma 22+- (Kontes)</span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBGz8KuI3ubpEMKP4cJvAMAyCIVd5rThLM5Me3iC5Mu2hqqUlIK4YLDq7zoZ6cpt7V4tfKBL1oyrW0qc6gVk89rXVMIJbpZ9RbA4SsfluRGOMWcGKLKs1wznuLv_IurOYSoYE8qXea2JA/s1600-h/Goshiki+inazuma1+22+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337455464792166194" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 174px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBGz8KuI3ubpEMKP4cJvAMAyCIVd5rThLM5Me3iC5Mu2hqqUlIK4YLDq7zoZ6cpt7V4tfKBL1oyrW0qc6gVk89rXVMIJbpZ9RbA4SsfluRGOMWcGKLKs1wznuLv_IurOYSoYE8qXea2JA/s320/Goshiki+inazuma1+22%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHv_yU5cZx_LiR0JQgK3Xq6Lo1eE1KLCXa1i39irAfD1FSlJA2AnOiILBhjRuYFQGpqLWgv5dc_0g1JYNQ_xvaSMshNTrzpl2teST2CCKNzIbgVxwOl6t8wvUYbI58FB3iFHGrJUxW44/s1600-h/Goshiki+inazuma2+22+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337455359230904546" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 152px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHv_yU5cZx_LiR0JQgK3Xq6Lo1eE1KLCXa1i39irAfD1FSlJA2AnOiILBhjRuYFQGpqLWgv5dc_0g1JYNQ_xvaSMshNTrzpl2teST2CCKNzIbgVxwOl6t8wvUYbI58FB3iFHGrJUxW44/s320/Goshiki+inazuma2+22%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-inazuma-22-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:52:00-07:00">01:52</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-inazuma-22-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1173745114638813629"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Shiro 20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CvAwnyXQKp-mHn7Q6xsQPD1yqUgrkgldDuA8AMRz4lFxEE3D3qVIv40OyDDAApVdNUtlS_d66rd8ZNmxdzhyphenhyphennsVmoFLc4XTY9H7yqFKu9xfiVhU8QT5Zl6pinpvjXk_MfinnrLjYnLA/s1600-h/S3013187.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337454735660349010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 139px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CvAwnyXQKp-mHn7Q6xsQPD1yqUgrkgldDuA8AMRz4lFxEE3D3qVIv40OyDDAApVdNUtlS_d66rd8ZNmxdzhyphenhyphennsVmoFLc4XTY9H7yqFKu9xfiVhU8QT5Zl6pinpvjXk_MfinnrLjYnLA/s320/S3013187.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:49:00-07:00">01:49</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8895308496355954633"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Baby showa 18-20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfeQtwVLYuMsIPtqJpmRyM-PY82PmblxP54a5GXNtl7USKf2MdhCotbiVz12rFXsrsXez3kJdKuxsCbevv9HM5DcPTKQ7mAcVkB3FNTjVUs-BQRA3PIMz9YKJfwIO7KeAu7nX0fdZFws/s1600-h/Baby+showa3+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453884913637602" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 175px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfeQtwVLYuMsIPtqJpmRyM-PY82PmblxP54a5GXNtl7USKf2MdhCotbiVz12rFXsrsXez3kJdKuxsCbevv9HM5DcPTKQ7mAcVkB3FNTjVUs-BQRA3PIMz9YKJfwIO7KeAu7nX0fdZFws/s320/Baby+showa3+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:46:00-07:00">01:46</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4426765814856816036"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQN2OAcY8t3L286_ojPKSujyE__66zQFtLIPVDdKufPtYEH8c_S_Uwtwb6zLK33tlydIWEjUljSOAgpjiRzrn0sw9nUtkvxnY-tP71wRX251mtVSGZDO67X9To8t1y88Ihh4mhujjCzE/s1600-h/Baby+showa5+18cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453279405655250" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 173px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQN2OAcY8t3L286_ojPKSujyE__66zQFtLIPVDdKufPtYEH8c_S_Uwtwb6zLK33tlydIWEjUljSOAgpjiRzrn0sw9nUtkvxnY-tP71wRX251mtVSGZDO67X9To8t1y88Ihh4mhujjCzE/s320/Baby+showa5+18cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"> Baby showa 18+- (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWkrkPhVct5VYHp88N_wfnnz-fDpXdxjyS5tBMomuBn7Nw1XjFOr26WWsLlJxNxNnH7sTm6FzggmgFY9Sea1mLVizbddQ8l9XyHlT35xv7MyNGvsd02hRnK9k9Jf7IgFQ5ZAZpI67VID4/s1600-h/Baby+showa2+18cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337453006260100306" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 268px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWkrkPhVct5VYHp88N_wfnnz-fDpXdxjyS5tBMomuBn7Nw1XjFOr26WWsLlJxNxNnH7sTm6FzggmgFY9Sea1mLVizbddQ8l9XyHlT35xv7MyNGvsd02hRnK9k9Jf7IgFQ5ZAZpI67VID4/s320/Baby+showa2+18cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:38:00-07:00">01:38</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/baby-showa-18-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5621473823257344645"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEP832R21i6khyqmyuEttuVDiW5fflszNGLP6UzJNDQiNJLeFvhYKItpjzxiQHrJzMUCRgsCrII4CNA-sRy-0LQY8hMEvIjzSvFEoAzAXqcRHw5f_UXRWhAO2lb-H7sNO5ZA1LLPcwF70/s1600-h/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin3+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337451603566652146" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 197px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEP832R21i6khyqmyuEttuVDiW5fflszNGLP6UzJNDQiNJLeFvhYKItpjzxiQHrJzMUCRgsCrII4CNA-sRy-0LQY8hMEvIjzSvFEoAzAXqcRHw5f_UXRWhAO2lb-H7sNO5ZA1LLPcwF70/s320/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin3+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"> Chagoi ginrin 18-20cm (Kontes)</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEby9TMg-9aLn2mZN4SgK2-QHxqQFdFKYcgzxsemz5WjrAdTgzxL_ohlUi-w1NlAcxf7N9kmyXy-z8ui5B1EqVc2venwMIKAN8Wk768JxwoWbbaxKn9W245y34wAFoufG6xTvORa3ynM/s1600-h/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin1+18-20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337451436519120930" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 238px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEby9TMg-9aLn2mZN4SgK2-QHxqQFdFKYcgzxsemz5WjrAdTgzxL_ohlUi-w1NlAcxf7N9kmyXy-z8ui5B1EqVc2venwMIKAN8Wk768JxwoWbbaxKn9W245y34wAFoufG6xTvORa3ynM/s320/Chagoi+tembaga+ginrin1+18-20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-18-20cm-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-19T01:34:00-07:00">01:34</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-18-20cm-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Jumat, 2009 Mei 15</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1275891029664945456"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Showa 35-37cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1mX0cneTfBQFaGVsOFY_ASsYPMbzHEzoayUFXqNZWSPFwxWXiW2CndWS158QgfpQPegX63mp4XPGQ8nfrZ4kHZNk36b6fpGTvyMi4Vf44wnaFAf3MGDakRhK0S60durDVz_Yg1kx3cY/s1600-h/Showa+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336043442095030066" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 189px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1mX0cneTfBQFaGVsOFY_ASsYPMbzHEzoayUFXqNZWSPFwxWXiW2CndWS158QgfpQPegX63mp4XPGQ8nfrZ4kHZNk36b6fpGTvyMi4Vf44wnaFAf3MGDakRhK0S60durDVz_Yg1kx3cY/s320/Showa+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-35cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-15T06:32:00-07:00">06:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-35cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7634058723922946674"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Maruten koromo 35cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi_eciwJvYgZnJP9P3DFiVWeqRWy17iBtyORelb_GNUP8p8x7QVmc5FHUfj_uSL12ybUdcEvu8kUA1DEHWO38KPAx7vbEwzjG0r9szRSzOTiJokq3JleMXDqDD-dLpBP8OJF-rqDZO_c/s1600-h/Maruten+koromo1+35cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336042758451432338" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 213px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFi_eciwJvYgZnJP9P3DFiVWeqRWy17iBtyORelb_GNUP8p8x7QVmc5FHUfj_uSL12ybUdcEvu8kUA1DEHWO38KPAx7vbEwzjG0r9szRSzOTiJokq3JleMXDqDD-dLpBP8OJF-rqDZO_c/s320/Maruten+koromo1+35cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div> </div><div> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Juara 2 kontes disolo </span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">13-15 februari 2009</span></strong></div><div> </div><div> </div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-koromo-35cm-juara-2-kontes.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-15T06:30:00-07:00">06:30</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/maruten-koromo-35cm-juara-2-kontes.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Kamis, 2009 Mei 14</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8470713451163623914"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Bekko 25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXNHPNADnXEl2DQT5etu8B8PeTOet6fccqc2K1_eQhdODLgjtTAArsUSQjZGMAi7zhwfp7NT4BkihfSj1HTv2vXF9_GNAqxFbJUs44LkIdGnBT4J6HK4PCOwVAXGcBhvArb0MHqsYC0U/s1600-h/Bekko+25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335657299837576370" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 118px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXNHPNADnXEl2DQT5etu8B8PeTOet6fccqc2K1_eQhdODLgjtTAArsUSQjZGMAi7zhwfp7NT4BkihfSj1HTv2vXF9_GNAqxFbJUs44LkIdGnBT4J6HK4PCOwVAXGcBhvArb0MHqsYC0U/s320/Bekko+25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:35:00-07:00">05:35</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3017817886991649851"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Bekko ginrin 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3LbhoHlKs9AnKvy_g8LbtpAaeFWLJwizpWfR4gyMyzbPgQsjvhMoPdtXsAmEZakBXvwyqH1zzlLK0yKGD0vZA4-Gtwqn3LjObPfoYi-Q1yLU_zneoy2yi_rwU_gMAN6LhBjl6sMv7SU/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+28cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335657090731607170" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 159px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3LbhoHlKs9AnKvy_g8LbtpAaeFWLJwizpWfR4gyMyzbPgQsjvhMoPdtXsAmEZakBXvwyqH1zzlLK0yKGD0vZA4-Gtwqn3LjObPfoYi-Q1yLU_zneoy2yi_rwU_gMAN6LhBjl6sMv7SU/s320/Bekko+ginrin+28cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-28cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:34:00-07:00">05:34</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-28cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2875624296448578106"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Bekko ginrin 25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiHQ26wCBL-UoEij9I9YFSk-YC1fn-hFaka1lHM_kqVDS15r5aIj_g13jbnTDdteGy8zw3dvV7kIZ53iSFB3ZjaDjCmRm4pH3r_NG7OCkclAHX7IqgHH_wb9qbH_OmIrDslY-GZ_NwSs/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin25cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656845474672578" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 147px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiHQ26wCBL-UoEij9I9YFSk-YC1fn-hFaka1lHM_kqVDS15r5aIj_g13jbnTDdteGy8zw3dvV7kIZ53iSFB3ZjaDjCmRm4pH3r_NG7OCkclAHX7IqgHH_wb9qbH_OmIrDslY-GZ_NwSs/s320/Bekko+ginrin25cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Karantina..</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:33:00-07:00">05:33</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2159307625224457902"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Bekko ginrin 23cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X0wAPUfvvwagTyp8x5MWzg2Wzu0t-xJtZ0taZTpY1Ba5PE8wdMlUoAkwn6mfilvvBUUTsF83SKRS4XEWdvioqiLqTvrkp7eLKHHTcU48LwoF6Io3WZVJcmlb7VCc9YqwfwqT6N66dxc/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+22-23.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656662185461250" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 109px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X0wAPUfvvwagTyp8x5MWzg2Wzu0t-xJtZ0taZTpY1Ba5PE8wdMlUoAkwn6mfilvvBUUTsF83SKRS4XEWdvioqiLqTvrkp7eLKHHTcU48LwoF6Io3WZVJcmlb7VCc9YqwfwqT6N66dxc/s320/Bekko+ginrin+22-23.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-23cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:32:00-07:00">05:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-23cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3705197200390221402"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Bekko ginrin 20cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoG-P54CNyb8L19Vjr3AQBSTsZcwDjZu8AVZCW8ASEffEjkt1lKuTnO82e6QpVtWW_9AN8nh7LfnyBqBQdfTYKpQLlaAavrPFLJa1QUTME2J7ctT42zmW5RVv4521VNZ8hLsf9TNPKc8/s1600-h/Bekko+ginrin+20cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335656405632742802" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 142px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoG-P54CNyb8L19Vjr3AQBSTsZcwDjZu8AVZCW8ASEffEjkt1lKuTnO82e6QpVtWW_9AN8nh7LfnyBqBQdfTYKpQLlaAavrPFLJa1QUTME2J7ctT42zmW5RVv4521VNZ8hLsf9TNPKc8/s320/Bekko+ginrin+20cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-20cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-14T05:31:00-07:00">05:31</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/bekko-ginrin-20cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Rabu, 2009 Mei 13</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1665480125968422434"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">6ekor shiro ginrin 22-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzO9ataPXu6XMDmmkwXJeBH3EjI3-zrwyxLhIeqhV0uufJmlRIU-7zLNagSylraauXGn7wLLZCgrTLNpjZrwTIuP7OyZ4x_OFbKdGlCvOB_UISOLsdmulHwVyzhUmSBXiJgPMSIfxIpxY/s1600-h/S3013107.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335530376641563090" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzO9ataPXu6XMDmmkwXJeBH3EjI3-zrwyxLhIeqhV0uufJmlRIU-7zLNagSylraauXGn7wLLZCgrTLNpjZrwTIuP7OyZ4x_OFbKdGlCvOB_UISOLsdmulHwVyzhUmSBXiJgPMSIfxIpxY/s320/S3013107.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/6ekor-shiro-ginrin-22-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:22:00-07:00">21:22</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/6ekor-shiro-ginrin-22-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7386893819171961583"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku inazuma 23-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKwSADzoaUKSpe7hXTDUyzM_jFGTklGPBhpINT4PTBhs7-gJIuBtP6rT5BZksp1cXBI0aatJeSRQDndSk2NnBl4oTnC7tif1oFuOQwaVS6BJ5K_RffOpRdGVP5Bho__322veq7mi-Oy0/s1600-h/S3013103.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335530092236779618" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 130px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKwSADzoaUKSpe7hXTDUyzM_jFGTklGPBhpINT4PTBhs7-gJIuBtP6rT5BZksp1cXBI0aatJeSRQDndSk2NnBl4oTnC7tif1oFuOQwaVS6BJ5K_RffOpRdGVP5Bho__322veq7mi-Oy0/s320/S3013103.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-23-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:21:00-07:00">21:21</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-23-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="1808556459197710910"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku inazuma kucibeni 23-25cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdouDgaPZnib0ap3E_KfrY5qhwEAziE1JSZJcoCi3NfM4OhsYo-GY5mwCeA5LcfMIiQbuTOolZ960feh_Xc0JkEdePnHaPYplSDJdU9iww3oogFAJoUtsHGtneFyV7JrZAMa3ixTD1Bo/s1600-h/S3013099.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529869308900706" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 116px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdouDgaPZnib0ap3E_KfrY5qhwEAziE1JSZJcoCi3NfM4OhsYo-GY5mwCeA5LcfMIiQbuTOolZ960feh_Xc0JkEdePnHaPYplSDJdU9iww3oogFAJoUtsHGtneFyV7JrZAMa3ixTD1Bo/s320/S3013099.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Karantina..</span></strong></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-kucibeni-23-25cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:20:00-07:00">21:20</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-inazuma-kucibeni-23-25cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3999605407909414747"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku 3step 22cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1om_2nDLtYrD6XQUMYJKYlw8aq453kLgl4y8mpSrE9MGqscfCkuDxpfjw_Z6rt0ar1PuhrB37ASFPQcHnOElXAggHqUMH1NDAoM5ElZHHQbTkQQFUIq_so0El454BXOmIO4F3Z70SjfY/s1600-h/S3013098.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529649531078386" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 134px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1om_2nDLtYrD6XQUMYJKYlw8aq453kLgl4y8mpSrE9MGqscfCkuDxpfjw_Z6rt0ar1PuhrB37ASFPQcHnOElXAggHqUMH1NDAoM5ElZHHQbTkQQFUIq_so0El454BXOmIO4F3Z70SjfY/s320/S3013098.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-3step-22cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:19:00-07:00">21:19</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-3step-22cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8223920850100814320"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku 26-27cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJn4XyII1xKNMcQ6ku8PgjSa0OCdlYdkN5tnmh0d2YPWyLHkDMIqyxr98dYcrt8lhpLVjRXd78jBuzDLVFyAEec_So2OP8iEsC_f3Fo7SIaKLeKzQfjb0lzwQTfakkOSQZpyVGVyk9gw/s1600-h/S3013096.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529437904723170" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 134px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJn4XyII1xKNMcQ6ku8PgjSa0OCdlYdkN5tnmh0d2YPWyLHkDMIqyxr98dYcrt8lhpLVjRXd78jBuzDLVFyAEec_So2OP8iEsC_f3Fo7SIaKLeKzQfjb0lzwQTfakkOSQZpyVGVyk9gw/s320/S3013096.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-26-27cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:19:00-07:00">21:19</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-26-27cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7067645953935260863"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4qKW-6Zk0I6gkLWOWUt8bvXiQG28Evft1lcWAEVCa3R5wg1S0JZwJEZywXbdde_s8Q-7wsRY42urcIj4GQY7jImxhlh6HuLFpAVJSXOc7165G7XOsvvZvHoobsfp7GfMKZ1Ba6VyB3Aw/s1600-h/S3013094.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335529238076161698" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 109px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4qKW-6Zk0I6gkLWOWUt8bvXiQG28Evft1lcWAEVCa3R5wg1S0JZwJEZywXbdde_s8Q-7wsRY42urcIj4GQY7jImxhlh6HuLFpAVJSXOc7165G7XOsvvZvHoobsfp7GfMKZ1Ba6VyB3Aw/s320/S3013094.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-28cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:18:00-07:00">21:18</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-28cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="9120306537210045430"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku 33cm<br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDApmn3DSS9IweT_Hbb6IAP7GhbzrWQK1XcrK_OE1sDjOvXhiFyjgPN3_nBt1FYyi75_ujTJFkZb2FEZdeY5ZhMMHGMXLsxnasY9dIn0rRNXQ9Y43qOwGGuuHcO77xjhjKBI1JzuBiUk/s1600-h/S3013089.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335528936988629506" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 130px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDApmn3DSS9IweT_Hbb6IAP7GhbzrWQK1XcrK_OE1sDjOvXhiFyjgPN3_nBt1FYyi75_ujTJFkZb2FEZdeY5ZhMMHGMXLsxnasY9dIn0rRNXQ9Y43qOwGGuuHcO77xjhjKBI1JzuBiUk/s320/S3013089.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-33cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T21:16:00-07:00">21:16</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-33cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="9201417727845609591"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">5ekor tancho 22-30cm (Show quality)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7UGpyblYlC48xJWOrk8Tk2svp61IGGoqSo6fpsMvtLRmSFSRa2Oz0qn89ospviIE1TwSRI6J2NeG7PUM_qVEBdUBcUSZY26TE2-nmYCGnlxkWZHs8q9ZiqlUAKoqlJQqEHbhHDPUOOE/s1600-h/S3013088.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335319008552262498" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 296px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7UGpyblYlC48xJWOrk8Tk2svp61IGGoqSo6fpsMvtLRmSFSRa2Oz0qn89ospviIE1TwSRI6J2NeG7PUM_qVEBdUBcUSZY26TE2-nmYCGnlxkWZHs8q9ZiqlUAKoqlJQqEHbhHDPUOOE/s320/S3013088.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_4075.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T07:42:00-07:00">07:42</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_4075.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="465889918287791157"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> Tancho budo<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3hLHjSHya7skkv6EBRAJTa8qmOWoJtllaWs9fgsG_33h4PAPl7xLyZKnhyphenhyphenbt5yemXzxlZAZTtYM4Ksjtrb5Yq8N2rEzCZWdaZNh40FW7lCQKb7EiG3O7ZMMbKMfTJWHL1Fzi3DZvcWc/s1600-h/Tancho+budo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335318160903140530" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 108px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3hLHjSHya7skkv6EBRAJTa8qmOWoJtllaWs9fgsG_33h4PAPl7xLyZKnhyphenhyphenbt5yemXzxlZAZTtYM4Ksjtrb5Yq8N2rEzCZWdaZNh40FW7lCQKb7EiG3O7ZMMbKMfTJWHL1Fzi3DZvcWc/s320/Tancho+budo.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-budo.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T07:39:00-07:00">07:39</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/tancho-budo.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2556147266012849863"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Ikan dikolam blower ga keliatan</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVe8DvIUOQItBNJosHmpeWQ9UbQALYyHRELHJlVpyY3sfxhC-cN8d5GcYDGmDSM7C3Urzyr7T7P1O6h2yMbztEfQg-A5Exm2cEtkqF15DjcqCsG0t-6jlOsuLaoQn5c3uluSQZIKl5UQ/s1600-h/Ikan+ga+keliatan.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335204747181196722" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVe8DvIUOQItBNJosHmpeWQ9UbQALYyHRELHJlVpyY3sfxhC-cN8d5GcYDGmDSM7C3Urzyr7T7P1O6h2yMbztEfQg-A5Exm2cEtkqF15DjcqCsG0t-6jlOsuLaoQn5c3uluSQZIKl5UQ/s320/Ikan+ga+keliatan.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQ3ViJsvH3rwUFF-WxyFsqzblnI5RJshpYBv8cQZjIGUwht8_J27R46RY80n41HxZJshH-FTp43TrAZJac07AA6o3F8_iJDvc5fvp1aoSkn-qKefz9L9cIXDHkwQwa3Z_28uBUKZgS3w/s1600-h/Bersama+dikolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335204611794439458" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQ3ViJsvH3rwUFF-WxyFsqzblnI5RJshpYBv8cQZjIGUwht8_J27R46RY80n41HxZJshH-FTp43TrAZJac07AA6o3F8_iJDvc5fvp1aoSkn-qKefz9L9cIXDHkwQwa3Z_28uBUKZgS3w/s320/Bersama+dikolam.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-blower-ga-keliatan-kumpul.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-13T00:18:00-07:00">00:18</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-blower-ga-keliatan-kumpul.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Senin, 2009 Mei 11</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3894194745913879738"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong>Sanke 40-42cm</strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLF6XYDWbTybsiSFTb2kiRd36ZKeYWNKFyBlRxBZ9Cm6kf6c_mO5kfJ3gXtRVpMEwJrJ4DF9dKEj4cfLMAxohPnIQZ0AyXCNep4g7kCzRTNxX9yOWJ1KpiPqUgusWSSrafDEx5GAnZvvs/s1600-h/Sanke+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336046712556068002" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 251px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLF6XYDWbTybsiSFTb2kiRd36ZKeYWNKFyBlRxBZ9Cm6kf6c_mO5kfJ3gXtRVpMEwJrJ4DF9dKEj4cfLMAxohPnIQZ0AyXCNep4g7kCzRTNxX9yOWJ1KpiPqUgusWSSrafDEx5GAnZvvs/s320/Sanke+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_11.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-11T23:32:00-07:00">23:32</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_11.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2774417939940103900"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUF07qb1HZq1T8BJzP_AVB3jkme4UuOdmKeVB6EbRG9sVm3lMZtJW2nYRynQX6E9XQkpbb_Mli-reCvr6JN2k0MVRkj3GM-N6GCD6HxljYRkQQZzO6tVDU0dvGJDSn5T8H_xggnhAUzx0/s1600-h/kumpul+dikolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334811611020921506" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUF07qb1HZq1T8BJzP_AVB3jkme4UuOdmKeVB6EbRG9sVm3lMZtJW2nYRynQX6E9XQkpbb_Mli-reCvr6JN2k0MVRkj3GM-N6GCD6HxljYRkQQZzO6tVDU0dvGJDSn5T8H_xggnhAUzx0/s320/kumpul+dikolam.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong> Kumpul dikolam bersama ikan boss onx_83</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtarBOTHgjvmVW6Ym198Seh2ZRJe7YJ_igp5vQwX6F7frHo1kpwLHdfydWH83GyQgWs0Xk314lj0mjZf7wVJh4fdCrHmrqNqgqdH7qNGqpjpXiChSHK2btGdB2hpYKLN21Aj5nRqqO-ns/s1600-h/Kumpul+dikolam2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334811387695104850" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtarBOTHgjvmVW6Ym198Seh2ZRJe7YJ_igp5vQwX6F7frHo1kpwLHdfydWH83GyQgWs0Xk314lj0mjZf7wVJh4fdCrHmrqNqgqdH7qNGqpjpXiChSHK2btGdB2hpYKLN21Aj5nRqqO-ns/s320/Kumpul+dikolam2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kumpul-dikolam-bersama-ikan-boss-onx83.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-11T22:50:00-07:00">22:50</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kumpul-dikolam-bersama-ikan-boss-onx83.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Jumat, 2009 Mei 08</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5530142054794225946"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwAwCz-kCQXSpqQG9tfxu6wfR1m-_KWzVkWELeA57YCGpKoPryWi-_0vgtG0Eh7AmjZyZXyjbsAKvk6IaLVOi-YeHuTtegJDom-CNhtIXRPSHFIzpGURm_m0XHdBgvodSk_yXtc2DDfw/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333424874513692498" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwAwCz-kCQXSpqQG9tfxu6wfR1m-_KWzVkWELeA57YCGpKoPryWi-_0vgtG0Eh7AmjZyZXyjbsAKvk6IaLVOi-YeHuTtegJDom-CNhtIXRPSHFIzpGURm_m0XHdBgvodSk_yXtc2DDfw/s200/ikan+dikolam4.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"> Ikan dikolam 2</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzmeXT-ovF7_8kP3zxr5bZg2MsY62cMmaRFVyU0Nt8ureE8-VLmTm_p1d0amSwJIR4IU35jioj-Aqfi4NlPERrCZ3ecm-3ohaZqF3DC3JDvGroq9F6L05tGW7peB8dv78rHfmmi9yNg1o/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam5.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333424660921656226" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzmeXT-ovF7_8kP3zxr5bZg2MsY62cMmaRFVyU0Nt8ureE8-VLmTm_p1d0amSwJIR4IU35jioj-Aqfi4NlPERrCZ3ecm-3ohaZqF3DC3JDvGroq9F6L05tGW7peB8dv78rHfmmi9yNg1o/s200/ikan+dikolam5.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusiY7YC0cplh8w8QGppk-Jpw8XxhfSCVhaxLfN_ybHKxIGIK0ObTNTIqwDs-rfu5KMzWmiFExf7pGmu92YZIqB7CC8azljIY_uOz_MXRqv2DbBEJGhkL6HFo12lNmNmqNO-UOlW1PX8/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333423511126715394" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusiY7YC0cplh8w8QGppk-Jpw8XxhfSCVhaxLfN_ybHKxIGIK0ObTNTIqwDs-rfu5KMzWmiFExf7pGmu92YZIqB7CC8azljIY_uOz_MXRqv2DbBEJGhkL6HFo12lNmNmqNO-UOlW1PX8/s200/ikan+dikolam3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-2.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-08T05:05:00-07:00">05:05</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-2.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="881902579719444955"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2Sr9j8KTVXIQqCnLVyi2MjTUJ_vdFxEE9woy15ZnaDHaDjsBD_JECBX36FDScIcfJgYeF0zdPYYGRjXemc5qIVqdhTY2yJXvQq23VXAnLWY_gDHp71SgQ09EFaKZ7t5ELSSH2AApwEY/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333422936226564578" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2Sr9j8KTVXIQqCnLVyi2MjTUJ_vdFxEE9woy15ZnaDHaDjsBD_JECBX36FDScIcfJgYeF0zdPYYGRjXemc5qIVqdhTY2yJXvQq23VXAnLWY_gDHp71SgQ09EFaKZ7t5ELSSH2AApwEY/s200/ikan+dikolam2.jpg" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>Ikan dikolam 1</strong><br /></span><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNlr9SlfTsh9DKNGwNr0H2fMQxoBRGYshVLFVroCzFjefB6eR-_DhcWFDcODDbjHOYVVeQPklWP5n3OB1mteZWn_rScMTFw7Ve6bep5cFc6zTd9K3B54aUh4ZAlOFRn_uDpHkLXKbH6U/s1600-h/ikan+dikolam1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333422746765605010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNlr9SlfTsh9DKNGwNr0H2fMQxoBRGYshVLFVroCzFjefB6eR-_DhcWFDcODDbjHOYVVeQPklWP5n3OB1mteZWn_rScMTFw7Ve6bep5cFc6zTd9K3B54aUh4ZAlOFRn_uDpHkLXKbH6U/s200/ikan+dikolam1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-1.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-08T05:03:00-07:00">05:03</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-dikolam-1.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Rabu, 2009 Mei 06</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="7678229726753940660"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYv-CuoVrf782JD2xFGyaEtCS1cEpYHWbhwV-rLHK-o-ogmoHMzeyQnISms7nmESrCYMrVKO3rIyjTGiemQspz66ea1zAL6AZA1FS2cfUe7rlECWsp_vvcU5LQLTY9Xp1yYAP01LNk9MU/s1600-h/goshiki+35+-.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333420173235488962" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 104px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYv-CuoVrf782JD2xFGyaEtCS1cEpYHWbhwV-rLHK-o-ogmoHMzeyQnISms7nmESrCYMrVKO3rIyjTGiemQspz66ea1zAL6AZA1FS2cfUe7rlECWsp_vvcU5LQLTY9Xp1yYAP01LNk9MU/s200/goshiki+35%2B-.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Goshiki 35+-</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CogmDBd71WxqKTu_7iRB5MYTaZU6DhvoNEVz5HUSLAz2YG7DPVSpCT2bdI_a0ONPXQ91wbHawviequvRZ363wHG3-4EIRsQCdwQae0e_7XPj6CbdQIhGr-owMaXDHe01qiDWpU4C7IA/s1600-h/New+Goshiki+33cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332640739731776946" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CogmDBd71WxqKTu_7iRB5MYTaZU6DhvoNEVz5HUSLAz2YG7DPVSpCT2bdI_a0ONPXQ91wbHawviequvRZ363wHG3-4EIRsQCdwQae0e_7XPj6CbdQIhGr-owMaXDHe01qiDWpU4C7IA/s200/New+Goshiki+33cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Karantina..</span></strong> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-35.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:29:00-07:00">02:29</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/goshiki-35.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="2272667442102105787"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong>Sakai asagi 37cm</strong> <div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iyH5s2fVFwrYjHAmmLuAodIfaJIRw_uc681Vn-C4l4WoAf7E22jRnwqmu01J5L2tI4mIboaOpO3gEuh1QYJOx80agasKACB7lz_EOLwFg1dhQkmUUBaeI000GjnZRm95OWOXxODBkDM/s1600-h/Asagi3+37cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333418613501149106" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 122px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iyH5s2fVFwrYjHAmmLuAodIfaJIRw_uc681Vn-C4l4WoAf7E22jRnwqmu01J5L2tI4mIboaOpO3gEuh1QYJOx80agasKACB7lz_EOLwFg1dhQkmUUBaeI000GjnZRm95OWOXxODBkDM/s200/Asagi3+37cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/sakai-asagi-37-38cm.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:25:00-07:00">02:25</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/sakai-asagi-37-38cm.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4075054933183771215"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU6R7WjvywXOpRe_W_D7NxCDTIxr6D_t9CsyyHp0DawLDrtsi1H7XJUsikAzUOKduLU_3BZlfEW33hehWj1Z-ixTKW8v0KUy1aDL5iFi-v8sRg-kZiId548SbZrRYmOBJafDic0GpsLg/s1600-h/DSC00036.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332639303527668866" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU6R7WjvywXOpRe_W_D7NxCDTIxr6D_t9CsyyHp0DawLDrtsi1H7XJUsikAzUOKduLU_3BZlfEW33hehWj1Z-ixTKW8v0KUy1aDL5iFi-v8sRg-kZiId548SbZrRYmOBJafDic0GpsLg/s200/DSC00036.JPG" border="0" /></a><strong>Kolam karantina</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jzXJKi_WOGqSwMAUTohJzhazZdmuCPjfpUdVvVXnAYfM9GLWPgU8EqxuUpyUhgwjnhe5Kcl6jsDg6u8uSqNP4NOYU33OWfNM-RrFD0cYCNh8qAUXidnt50PMdX3j4YQnVuH8K5-XDf4/s1600-h/DSC00035.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332638020778156210" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jzXJKi_WOGqSwMAUTohJzhazZdmuCPjfpUdVvVXnAYfM9GLWPgU8EqxuUpyUhgwjnhe5Kcl6jsDg6u8uSqNP4NOYU33OWfNM-RrFD0cYCNh8qAUXidnt50PMdX3j4YQnVuH8K5-XDf4/s200/DSC00035.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREezepRQ1_Va8eaFZSiwyjhFGIWSx-37tBBLLjNamtEbEqfJV4ZoaNLf9uLR2EulaX-k0L2JWJhUvaG8Ni_E3nwEiTmrBCFoyvbM3GaS32HwUhw0aaDgk9VFqqay9anYGQU9WC9dZW2s/s1600-h/Karantina.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332635575389116482" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREezepRQ1_Va8eaFZSiwyjhFGIWSx-37tBBLLjNamtEbEqfJV4ZoaNLf9uLR2EulaX-k0L2JWJhUvaG8Ni_E3nwEiTmrBCFoyvbM3GaS32HwUhw0aaDgk9VFqqay9anYGQU9WC9dZW2s/s200/Karantina.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-novkoi.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T02:08:00-07:00">02:08</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-novkoi.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5518799887408464797"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUCzkKTPQZ0sitvDf5ss-N0AR6Lo5X5-9zXDaRNejGPib974PE7T4u4xVitMrxjWOdZsDzOaksM6YPJD_Dp-hvhbn-xuzyrfYz6SIR4Tk6A6zr-u_ORrYEU1W8nhF6ui5eYuR3NjdL1U/s1600-h/G1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332634644585864178" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 150px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUCzkKTPQZ0sitvDf5ss-N0AR6Lo5X5-9zXDaRNejGPib974PE7T4u4xVitMrxjWOdZsDzOaksM6YPJD_Dp-hvhbn-xuzyrfYz6SIR4Tk6A6zr-u_ORrYEU1W8nhF6ui5eYuR3NjdL1U/s200/G1.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong>Ikan Boss onx_83 dikolam baru</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobJqJPFjl8XP3cH2rcXmlABDTeBk_-vpA2kehLVMAU5KC9NX34EvWLG4NL4rlLEq2Gv49qpUdSWfXiurC1i0pEChIg8POE2nUmfLa_oXZmKyg-DR3T93KR0BQrJkCw8MMFXpGJtCVTCo/s1600-h/DSC00108.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332634387745002626" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 156px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobJqJPFjl8XP3cH2rcXmlABDTeBk_-vpA2kehLVMAU5KC9NX34EvWLG4NL4rlLEq2Gv49qpUdSWfXiurC1i0pEChIg8POE2nUmfLa_oXZmKyg-DR3T93KR0BQrJkCw8MMFXpGJtCVTCo/s200/DSC00108.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-onx83-dikolam-baru.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:47:00-07:00">01:47</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/ikan-onx83-dikolam-baru.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3255725181133597018"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Shusui 40cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjteroBrPJgBTaSEz27GuyMRDFUtGJ8ysKwfQNSJNmeYGFHDj3Bp3A5KIMqpmaDWRFlEhdboH8Z7qa-JxUMUXsuct_nWbGH7rMnTSFI0b7tCPFxXI6-opedrrmV2haJshENcTqtcYxnRFI/s1600-h/Shusui+40cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333417548788237778" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 154px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjteroBrPJgBTaSEz27GuyMRDFUtGJ8ysKwfQNSJNmeYGFHDj3Bp3A5KIMqpmaDWRFlEhdboH8Z7qa-JxUMUXsuct_nWbGH7rMnTSFI0b7tCPFxXI6-opedrrmV2haJshENcTqtcYxnRFI/s200/Shusui+40cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><br /></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shusui-40cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:46:00-07:00">01:46</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shusui-40cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="5789235931096610965"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfa_lOEGqP1frZpJmZvTG8JQku8Vu8oMBqKaTjemRtwPFthq3vAY1a-sqcsdVPvID63OaIAtExitf5fWFDGO0DrcJTzBP3Ws9Oh8j8UD25dYjEThA-jnOW-ssJHDBLeIzsc-oKVqV0Zg/s1600-h/S3013054.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333815827991206642" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 133px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfa_lOEGqP1frZpJmZvTG8JQku8Vu8oMBqKaTjemRtwPFthq3vAY1a-sqcsdVPvID63OaIAtExitf5fWFDGO0DrcJTzBP3Ws9Oh8j8UD25dYjEThA-jnOW-ssJHDBLeIzsc-oKVqV0Zg/s320/S3013054.JPG" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Showa 28cm</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmqK0IMMZVFIVSXZrFUUpT7TnflPfK1PUqjHRmh4JHoa-rhBeHmcFZYQt-Qwy-4M4uVy_nNz1FCZwWYBAe60uRgwNtcc_a2MoVGFgKUxCp54DGA8F9Sw3M2L-AA3rB_U0hsj_TWlUBLo/s1600-h/Showa+28cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332629502564164818" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 128px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmqK0IMMZVFIVSXZrFUUpT7TnflPfK1PUqjHRmh4JHoa-rhBeHmcFZYQt-Qwy-4M4uVy_nNz1FCZwWYBAe60uRgwNtcc_a2MoVGFgKUxCp54DGA8F9Sw3M2L-AA3rB_U0hsj_TWlUBLo/s320/Showa+28cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-28cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:45:00-07:00">01:45</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-28cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6606186213033979606"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Shiro ginrin 24cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkuk73udob3EASSwNPi5nsAIhQd6Dve18Zr2h-tQ-ahAfEOfIL5P1X763eLoMb-U87XA7nOO30jMXpISJUEkc7JPr9p__jn5THKl1en4pni0M6dv4ptemh7eLWFIcMMWOLA-LOfP8Wiw/s1600-h/shiro+ginrin+23.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332628376667949778" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 121px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkuk73udob3EASSwNPi5nsAIhQd6Dve18Zr2h-tQ-ahAfEOfIL5P1X763eLoMb-U87XA7nOO30jMXpISJUEkc7JPr9p__jn5THKl1en4pni0M6dv4ptemh7eLWFIcMMWOLA-LOfP8Wiw/s320/shiro+ginrin+23.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-ginrin-24cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:41:00-07:00">01:41</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/shiro-ginrin-24cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6638539233416466994"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Chagoi Ginrin 35+</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFIAQrZkyTreBXjf2YTTOjxN2k_j8GnywvqBuMLs2X0XkX9GxIuzjNPAM6_dYYge4JiUCSSBaITlq25u9jbb4RQdr_Bp6kMYO1BpLp0ksMvCQPrBZn38gMm8VkUqv0TCw4B5A59cgzg4/s1600-h/Chagoi+hitam+ginrin1+35+.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332628028408315010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 243px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFIAQrZkyTreBXjf2YTTOjxN2k_j8GnywvqBuMLs2X0XkX9GxIuzjNPAM6_dYYge4JiUCSSBaITlq25u9jbb4RQdr_Bp6kMYO1BpLp0ksMvCQPrBZn38gMm8VkUqv0TCw4B5A59cgzg4/s320/Chagoi+hitam+ginrin1+35%2B.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-35-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:33:00-07:00">01:33</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/chagoi-ginrin-35-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="8924522429807084701"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Sn8Nd76fo3gXBDf4VksqidJqQw97Z3mvNoraKkBIXaNUiawjrwWyq7FR67zlzLgS_IihTA4_d6pvD_sLeYJSemx3txXJRFYhm3vBeMfoVYQJnKOLRE9Jcwcg8YVfNB2xSTnrt9-X2k/s1600-h/Kohaku+27cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332625768948807058" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 189px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Sn8Nd76fo3gXBDf4VksqidJqQw97Z3mvNoraKkBIXaNUiawjrwWyq7FR67zlzLgS_IihTA4_d6pvD_sLeYJSemx3txXJRFYhm3vBeMfoVYQJnKOLRE9Jcwcg8YVfNB2xSTnrt9-X2k/s320/Kohaku+27cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong> <span style="font-size:130%;">Kohaku 27cm<br /></span></strong><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitd8ZvdSJpKAwiB6sDyYqbpCaRjfard7XTF0NSkmga_bHPuCu0VmjKocpmwLUTxIoiFKnYV8lCBKvSgXob1SS1bxOsJAVoWNTfeOHpUaGM_0IUrVmhVonTraMIc7zJi9CwkN0xHt5vAU8/s1600-h/Kohaku+27cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332625417212273090" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 158px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitd8ZvdSJpKAwiB6sDyYqbpCaRjfard7XTF0NSkmga_bHPuCu0VmjKocpmwLUTxIoiFKnYV8lCBKvSgXob1SS1bxOsJAVoWNTfeOHpUaGM_0IUrVmhVonTraMIc7zJi9CwkN0xHt5vAU8/s320/Kohaku+27cm.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-27cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:29:00-07:00">01:29</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kohaku-27cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="3192225134680644466"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Showa 25cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0Sh_G9iKtAefJKxG05E5TosvKF4-TeTCiEhkxXyt2BPOFTC61rVRZ9FVtihz-dxRugrkalemYJwsg76xzdgW3xrcuB0WGxLcjGcS_3ytJhJO4x8k0PrNqUd9kx1UICwxeO_wqtx3cvk/s1600-h/S30125475.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332624118496077490" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 115px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0Sh_G9iKtAefJKxG05E5TosvKF4-TeTCiEhkxXyt2BPOFTC61rVRZ9FVtihz-dxRugrkalemYJwsg76xzdgW3xrcuB0WGxLcjGcS_3ytJhJO4x8k0PrNqUd9kx1UICwxeO_wqtx3cvk/s320/S30125475.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">TERJUAL..</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">onx_83</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Terkirim..</span></strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-25cm-terjual.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:23:00-07:00">01:23</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/showa-25cm-terjual.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6659006814688897382"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVtnLuMnJsj4wCsheBPucSPui_FeXlkjXxaWS2t3LI98BKnBLb0-ORWw2b-sSBuNzf4ues-J8_pRXB0R0uHMPkORfnK78A3RX4kIGmtAVJzjNyf4Krjerwv7w8CDu_9E1JvmkYLy4N4M/s1600-h/Beni+kumonryu1+30cm.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332621261221908514" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 183px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVtnLuMnJsj4wCsheBPucSPui_FeXlkjXxaWS2t3LI98BKnBLb0-ORWw2b-sSBuNzf4ues-J8_pRXB0R0uHMPkORfnK78A3RX4kIGmtAVJzjNyf4Krjerwv7w8CDu_9E1JvmkYLy4N4M/s320/Beni+kumonryu1+30cm.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Beni kumonryu 30cm</span></strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAZ0bFVDKsUGcZizNTihXsgzy4tvs9Ph5A_C6h4ospcSxnpCPHIyOfcUUwUnxCMWQLeVvHv6OqUjhHKsWzqn_JueA7NHOvMc2YSbZsgELeiA90wqNqhgx8KQNVBzYXw_RQ9Uopbm_a1Gg/s1600-h/S3012477.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332620650362656050" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 122px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAZ0bFVDKsUGcZizNTihXsgzy4tvs9Ph5A_C6h4ospcSxnpCPHIyOfcUUwUnxCMWQLeVvHv6OqUjhHKsWzqn_JueA7NHOvMc2YSbZsgELeiA90wqNqhgx8KQNVBzYXw_RQ9Uopbm_a1Gg/s320/S3012477.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong>JUARA I BLITAR KOI SHOW<br />24-26 April 2009<br />JENIS KAWARIMONO<br />TERJUAL..</strong></div><div><strong>onx_83</strong></div></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/beni-kumonryu-30cm-juara-i-blitar-koi.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-06T01:09:00-07:00">01:09</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/beni-kumonryu-30cm-juara-i-blitar-koi.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Sabtu, 2009 Mei 02</h2> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="4296597664026438118"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDV5Fip6Rx0eSShpSbeCSMGuE0jZadn1e7lR3L0e5IkuU2CmC6rBNn3Lg-xlk6GJT-VWt91x1ONgFRG7RIB-PJrtPO0EfPY94XBLN2_nATIcKKnCGb7m3MD3HuS-VHBcQhIV91kbcOxM/s1600-h/Karantina1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331203634042612770" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDV5Fip6Rx0eSShpSbeCSMGuE0jZadn1e7lR3L0e5IkuU2CmC6rBNn3Lg-xlk6GJT-VWt91x1ONgFRG7RIB-PJrtPO0EfPY94XBLN2_nATIcKKnCGb7m3MD3HuS-VHBcQhIV91kbcOxM/s320/Karantina1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Kolam karantina 3x4x1</span></strong></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qtxke2bzyV6ZXbSJkcgY2mpuII6BXW_pCKLlQ5mghW4LxL6H-kUoZpm5WTCt7844Wq-BAhb3QUSzVxK4VcYo73iXZDCFqwuwY5jeey8pOY_jIMDWRnrbnXteyrY4LW42T2uH3Z7m0p8/s1600-h/Karantina.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331203275472640610" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qtxke2bzyV6ZXbSJkcgY2mpuII6BXW_pCKLlQ5mghW4LxL6H-kUoZpm5WTCt7844Wq-BAhb3QUSzVxK4VcYo73iXZDCFqwuwY5jeey8pOY_jIMDWRnrbnXteyrY4LW42T2uH3Z7m0p8/s320/Karantina.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-3x4x1.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-02T05:30:00-07:00">05:30</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/kolam-karantina-3x4x1.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post hentry"> <a name="6215635219543511242"></a> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Dalam kolam (belum jadi)</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0P2E_XvZ7zi8xkJSp1kk6h3KoG0_SBjuGpQdQ8PSpOPVqBIIwNcdLolLHRDwsJO9HV6XZZSO9l0mDsNvCo9nC1YiqSlZeH5ICUqhkfhbUNDd9H6XHBaAYHmXIp50SicfR1OIyoJGuG4/s1600-h/g2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202955132496338" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0P2E_XvZ7zi8xkJSp1kk6h3KoG0_SBjuGpQdQ8PSpOPVqBIIwNcdLolLHRDwsJO9HV6XZZSO9l0mDsNvCo9nC1YiqSlZeH5ICUqhkfhbUNDd9H6XHBaAYHmXIp50SicfR1OIyoJGuG4/s320/g2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Media filter 6 lubang</span></strong></div><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQwXtnoEUfhIeN9S9NuxFaO6Pngma90PUbErfWbsZ-yjKqhLegJKe_JtXETl888KrWYRdrfTJOY29emr497-iN9vY3P6WkQIH7Q9DohcqIlMRRm3y5y7_mu7jyoZsgzYU1TjS_ssN1sw/s1600-h/G1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202702597799490" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQwXtnoEUfhIeN9S9NuxFaO6Pngma90PUbErfWbsZ-yjKqhLegJKe_JtXETl888KrWYRdrfTJOY29emr497-iN9vY3P6WkQIH7Q9DohcqIlMRRm3y5y7_mu7jyoZsgzYU1TjS_ssN1sw/s320/G1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div> </div> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard"> Diposkan oleh <span class="fn">novkoi.blogspot.com</span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/dalam-kolam-belum-jadi-media-filter-6.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" title="2009-05-02T05:28:00-07:00">05:28</abbr></a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://novkoi-album.blogspot.com/2009/05/dalam-kolam-belum-jadi-media-filter-6.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-icons"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <a name="418572264042958365"></a> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Desain Kolam baru</span></strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYCwav2PCCSIaFstGU7ruhN158UfDhNaoBHQCenQcs9hQXjKJyu4z1qdEWBHbT8fj5X0adjDPnR9ZLKj24htEWiXlDre3e0uA5cXVzxMUdiu4N4ZBmBY8qYh93fR5LVjI-02Ew42jlx_w/s1600-h/new+desain+Kolam.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5331202205958833218" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 240px; height: 320px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYCwav2PCCSIaFstGU7ruhN158UfDhNaoBHQCenQcs9hQXjKJyu4z1qdEWBHbT8fj5X0adjDPnR9ZLKj24htEWiXlDre3e0uA5cXVzxMUdiu4N4ZBmBY8qYh93fR5LVjI-02Ew42jlx_w/s320/new+desain+Kolam.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong>tanda titik merah </strong></div><div><strong>untuk sentoran</strong></div><div><strong>air dibawah kolam..</strong></div>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-60279180752839086892009-05-19T01:53:00.000-07:002009-05-19T02:03:23.819-07:00<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></b> (1925–1965) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> minister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaker" title="Public speaker">public speaker</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in the criminal underworld in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. In 1945, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison. While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>. After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen. For nearly a dozen years, he was the public face of the Nation of Islam. Tension between Malcolm X and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>, head of the Nation of Islam, led to Malcom X's departure from the organization in March 1964. After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X became a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> and made a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>. He traveled extensively throughout Africa and the Middle East. He founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a>, a religious organization, and the secular, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a>. Less than a year after he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinated</a> while giving a speech in New York.Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-31521029736103267502009-05-19T01:41:00.001-07:002009-11-20T05:46:22.415-08:00<h1 align="center"><a class="title1" id="top">Lennox, California</a></h1> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <script type="text/javascript"> if (screen.width<700) document.write("<td width=\"200\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">"); else if (screen.width<1000) document.write("<td width=\"220\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">"); else if (screen.width<1500) document.write("<td width=\"250\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">"); else document.write("<td width=\"260\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">"); </script><td align="left" valign="top" width="250"> <noscript> </noscript><br /><a href="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BO7Yqx3ESSqbrC43IqAPd04TZDpiI5GDUv8vsC8CNtwGgnAEQARgBIIGm9AEoFDgAUOnyw777_____wFg6ZLig-ANsgERd3d3LmNpdHktZGF0YS5jb23IAQHaATRodHRwOi8vd3d3LmNpdHktZGF0YS5jb20vY2l0eS9MZW5ub3gtQ2FsaWZvcm5pYS5odG1syALY3ZMGqAMB6AOFBugDlwLoA_oC6AP-A_UDAAAABA&num=1&sig=AGiWqtwydU9B64qcW9fHV5HkAYGdm42VAg&client=ca-pub-5788426211617053&adurl=http://www.whitepages.com/10583/zip_codes/%3Fsource%3DGO000009%26KW%3Dzip_code_directory%26%26s_kwcid%3DTC%7C5984%7Czip%2520code%2520directory%7Cwww.city-data.com%7CC%7Cb%7C3075263750" onmouseover="window.status='www.WhitePages.com/Florida'; 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height: 70px;" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="background-image: url(http://pics3.city-data.com/images/find.back.es.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center;" align="center"><table border="0"><tbody><tr> <td><input name="NM" style="width: 134px;"></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><input src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/find.button.es.png" value="Find City" name="B1" type="image" width="88"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></form> <!-- /search_box --> </td> <td valign="top"> <p class="style1" align="left">Back to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/housing/houses-Lennox-California.html">Lennox, CA housing info</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Los_Angeles_County-CA.html">Los Angeles County</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/California.html">California</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/California2.html">CA smaller cities</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/California3.html">CA small cities</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/">All Cities</a>.</p> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pics2.city-data.com/spic.js"></script> <p class="style1" align="left">We are giving away <b>$1000</b> in prizes - enter simply by sending us your own city pictures!<br /><script language="JavaScript"><!-- pics("Lennox-California","Lennox","Click here for promotion details and to upload your Lennox, California photos"); 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function load_msnmap() { if(window.L_invalidinvoketarget_text) { map_msn = new VEMap('myMap'); map_msn.LoadMap(); var lat = '33.9398'; var lon = '-118.3575'; var zoom = '10'; map_msn.SetCenterAndZoom(new VELatLong(lat, lon), zoom); clearInterval(intervalId); } else { window.status = intervalCount++; if(intervalCount>10) clearInterval(intervalId); } } var map_google; function load_googlemap() { if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) { map_google = new GMap2(document.getElementById("mapbox1"),{mapTypes: [G_NORMAL_MAP,G_SATELLITE_MAP,G_HYBRID_MAP]}); var bnds = new GLatLngBounds(new GLatLng(33.9257,-118.3716),new GLatLng(33.9539,-118.3434)); var zlev = map_google.getBoundsZoomLevel(bnds); map_google.setCenter(new GLatLng(33.9398, -118.3575), zlev); map_google.addControl(new GSmallMapControl()); map_google.addControl(new GMapTypeControl()); } } </script> <div class="mapdiv"> <div id="map11" style="display: block; width: 440px; height: 400px;"> <ul class="map"><li class="active">General Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(12);">Google Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(13);">MSN Map</li></ul> <div class="mapbox"> <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#" onclick="play('2139');return false;"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/maps2/cm1654.png" alt="Lennox, CA map" border="0" width="422" height="359"></a> </div> </div> <div id="map12" style="display: none; width: 440px; height: 400px;"> <ul class="map"><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(11);">General Map</li><li class="active">Google Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(13);">MSN Map</li></ul> <div class="mapbox"> <div id="mapbox1" style="width: 420px; height: 370px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="map13" style="display: none; width: 440px; height: 400px;"> <ul class="map"><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(11);">General Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(12);">Google Map</li><li class="active">MSN Map</li></ul> <div class="mapbox"> <div id="myMap" style="position: relative; width: 420px; height: 370px;"><p>Please wait while loading the map...</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="http://www.city-data.com/forecast/w-Lennox-California.html">Current weather forecast for Lennox, CA</a><br /><br /><p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Los_Angeles_County-CA.html">Los Angeles County</a></p> Population in July 2007: 23,749.<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Males: 12,242 </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg.gif" border="0" width="103" height="10"> (51.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Females: 11,507 </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg3.gif" border="0" width="96" height="10"> (48.4%)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Median resident age: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="48" height="10"> 24.2 years</td></tr><tr><td>California median age: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="66" height="10"> 33.3 years</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left">Zip codes: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/zips/90304.html">90304</a>.</p><br />Estimated median household income in 2007: $35,902 (it was $28,273 in 2000)<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="89" height="10"> $35,902</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> $59,948</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <br />Estimated median house or condo value in 2007: $454,841 (it was $155,500 in 2000) <div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="128" height="10"> $454,841</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> $532,300</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Mean prices in 2007: All housing units: $376,176; Detached houses: $365,270; Townhouses or other attached units: $434,209; In 2-unit structures: $383,022; In 3-to-4-unit structures: $432,459; In 5-or-more-unit structures: $480,890; Mobile homes: $168,421<br /><p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/housing/houses-Lennox-California.html">Lennox, CA residents, houses, and apartments details</a></p> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/profiles/add" rel="nofollow">Add your B&M business listing here for free. Over a million visitors/week. Get a huge advantage over your competition</a></p> <p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">Races in Lennox:</p> <div align="left"> <ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>Hispanic (89.8%)</li><li>Other race (56.3%)</li><li>Two or more races (4.6%)</li><li>Black (4.1%)</li><li>White Non-Hispanic (3.5%)</li><li>Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (1.4%)</li><li>American Indian (1.3%)</li><li>Filipino (0.5%)</li></ul><small><i>(Total can be greater than 100% because Hispanics could be counted in other races)</i></small><br /> </div><br />2008 cost of living index in Lennox: 170.8 (very high, U.S. average is 100)<br /><br /><style type="text/css" media="screen">div.FP {width:96%; margin:auto; border-top:3px solid #C4DAE5; border-right:1px solid #E8F1F7; border-left:1px solid #E8F1F7; padding:2px; padding-top:8px; margin:auto; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:top;margin-bottom:12px; background-color:#FBFBFB;background-image:url(http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.back.1.png);line-height:normal;text-align:left;}div.FP div.forum_info {width:100%;margin:0px;margin-bottom:8px;}div.FP div.forum_image {float:left; z-index:1;width:53px;height:29px;position:relative;top:-18px;left:-13px;overflow:visible;}div.FP td.post_title {font-family:Tahoma,Arial;font-size:8pt;}div.FP div.forum_title {font-size:10pt;}</style><div class="FP"><div class="forum_info"><div class="forum_image"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/forum.preview.gif" alt="Lennox, CA forum" border="0"></div><div class="forum_title">Recent posts about <a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/california/" title="Visit Lennox, CA forum">Lennox, California on our local forum</a> with over 500,000 registered users. Lennox is mentioned 50 times on our forum:</div></div><table style="margin-top: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-bottom: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/651336-earthquake-9.html#post8867166" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="are drinking coffee at Starbucks in Lennox then I think most people are">Earthquake !!!</a> (82 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/san-diego/651340-earthquake-carmel-valley.html#post8860025" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="It was centered about 1 mile east of Lennox">Earthquake in carmel valley</a> (25 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/515599-los-angeles-suburbs-4.html#post6635000" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="florence, willowbrook, lennox. how did you figure those were">Los Angeles suburbs....</a> (51 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/368679-white-flight-myth-reality-5.html#post4342997" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="areas of South Los Angeles and Lennox. I do property inspections so I'm">White Flight - Myth or Reality?</a> (84 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/528637-la-atlanta-2.html#post6842638" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="Arlington Heights, West Adams, Lennox and a few holdovers (~30%) in the">LA and Atlanta</a> (32 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/1092-los-angeles-8.html#post21673" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="friends in LA, or in (as an example) Lennox, MA at Tanglewood on the Green">Los Angeles</a> (277 replies)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 11pt;" align="left">Latest news from Lennox, CA collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations</p><script type="text/javascript" src="http://pics3.city-data.com/news/Lennox-CA.js"></script><style type="text/css"> a.news_title {font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;color:#006699;} a.news_link {color:#009D00;text-decoration:none;background:url(http://pics3.city-data.com/images/external.png) center right no-repeat;padding-right:13px;font-size:11px;} a.news_link:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .news_link {color:#009D00;text-decoration:none;font-size:11px;display:inline;} .news_text {margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:1px;} .news_body {margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:20px;text-align:left;font-size:13px;} </style> <div align="left"> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.knew910.com/cc-common/news/sections/newsarticle.html?feed=104668&article=5477081" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">910 KNEW</a></div> <div class="news_text">was 8.4 miles deep and centered near the community of <b>Lennox</b>, about 10 miles southwest of downtown Los Angeles. <div class="news_link">(knew910.com)</div></div> </div> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-mew-quake18-2009may18,0,6223563.story" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">4 7 quake near LAX is felt across wide area - Los Angeles Times</a></div> <div class="news_text">hit about 8:40 p.m. near the South Bay community of <b>Lennox</b>. A 3.0 aftershock occurred a few minutes later near Lennox. <div class="news_link">(latimes.com)</div></div> </div> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_12392667" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Los Angeles shaken by moderate earthquake - LA Daily News</a></div> <div class="news_text">4.7 quake struck shortly before 8:40 p.m., a mile east of <b>Lennox</b>, a mile south southeast of Inglewood and 10 miles south southwest of the Los Angeles Civic Center, according to Caltech. <div class="news_link">(dailynews.com)</div></div> </div> <div style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/news/Lennox-CA.html" target="_blank">More news from Lennox, CA</a></div></div><p align="left">Ancestries: United States (1.8%).</p> <script type="text/javascript"> dsa = 1; stime = 'May 19, 2009 03:45:51'; sda=new Date(stime); sda.setHours(sda.getHours()-2); if (dsa && 0) sda.setHours(sda.getHours()-1); function pad(s) { return ((s.toString().length==1) ? "0"+s : s); } function showtm(df) { sda.setSeconds(sda.getSeconds()+df); hr=sda.getHours(); adm="AM"; if (hr>11) adm="PM"; if (hr>12) hr-=12; if (hr==0) hr=12; document.getElementById("ourtime").innerHTML=hr+":"+pad(sda.getMinutes())+":"+pad(sda.getSeconds())+" "+adm; } </script> <p>Current Local Time: <span id="ourtime">1:45:58 AM</span> PST time zone</p> <p align="left">Elevation: 71 feet</p> <p align="left">Land area: 1.08 square miles. </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Population density: 21998 people per square mile </td><td><div align="left"><table bgcolor="#1b1b1b" border="2" bordercolor="#dddd00" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="20"><tbody><tr><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td> <td> (very high).</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style1"><p><img src="http://pics4.city-data.com/ctrends/ctr1796.png" alt="Lennox,CA real estate house value index trend" 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id="sales" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="contentHeader" colspan="3" width="100%"><strong>Home Value Estimate</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="tablerow"> <td colspan="2" class="tabletext" valign="top">Address:<br /><input class="content" size="50" maxlength="100" name="hve_street" value="" id="hve_street" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> <td class="tabletext" valign="top">Unit (optional):<br /><input class="content" size="5" maxlength="100" name="hve_unit" value="" id="hve_unit" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="unit"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext">City<br /><input class="content" size="18" maxlength="30" name="hve_city" value="Lennox" id="hve_city" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> <td class="tabletext">State<br /><select class="content" required="yes" message="Please select a state from the list." name="hve_state" size="1" id="hve_state" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)"> <option value="AK">AK</option> <option value="AL">AL</option> <option value="AR">AR</option> <option value="AZ">AZ</option> <option value="CA" selected="selected">CA</option> <option value="CO">CO</option> <option value="CT">CT</option> <option value="DC">DC</option> <option value="DE">DE</option> <option value="FL">FL</option> <option value="GA">GA</option> <option value="HI">HI</option> <option value="IA">IA</option> <option value="ID">ID</option> <option value="IL">IL</option> <option value="IN">IN</option> <option value="KS">KS</option> <option value="KY">KY</option> <option value="LA">LA</option> <option value="MA">MA</option> <option value="MD">MD</option> <option value="ME">ME</option> <option value="MI">MI</option> <option value="MN">MN</option> <option value="MO">MO</option> <option value="MS">MS</option> <option value="MT">MT</option> <option value="NC">NC</option> <option value="ND">ND</option> <option value="NE">NE</option> <option value="NH">NH</option> <option value="NJ">NJ</option> <option value="NM">NM</option> <option value="NV">NV</option> <option value="NY">NY</option> <option value="OH">OH</option> <option value="OK">OK</option> <option value="OR">OR</option> <option value="PA">PA</option> <option value="RI">RI</option> <option value="SC">SC</option> <option value="SD">SD</option> <option value="TN">TN</option> <option value="TX">TX</option> <option value="UT">UT</option> <option value="VA">VA</option> <option value="VT">VT</option> <option value="WA">WA</option> <option value="WI">WI</option> <option value="WV">WV</option> <option value="WY">WY</option> </select></td> <td class="tabletext">Zip<br /><input class="content" size="9" maxlength="30" name="hve_zip" value="" id="hve_zip" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="3" class="tabletext"> <div align="center"> <input name="check" value="Get Estimate" onclick="do_getdatahve(); return false;" type="button"> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- function checkEnter(e){ var characterCode; if(e && e.which){ e = e; characterCode = e.which; } else{ e = event; characterCode = e.keyCode; } if(characterCode == 13){ do_getdata(); return false; } else return true; } --> </script> <table class="hsalestable" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="500"> <tbody><tr> <td width="100%"><table class="content" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <td colspan="3" class="contentHeader" width="50%"><strong>Recent Home Sales</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="tablerow" align="left"> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" valign="top">Address:<br /><input class="content" size="50" maxlength="100" name="street" value="" id="street" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext" align="left" width="50%">City<br /><input class="content" size="18" maxlength="30" name="city" value="Lennox" id="city" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"><br /></td> <td class="tabletext" width="25%"><div align="left">State<br /><select class="content" required="yes" message="Please select a State from the list." name="state" size="1" id="state" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)"> <option value="AK">AK</option> <option value="AL">AL</option> <option value="AR">AR</option> <option value="AZ">AZ</option> <option value="CA" selected="selected">CA</option> <option value="CO">CO</option> <option value="CT">CT</option> <option value="DC">DC</option> <option value="DE">DE</option> <option value="FL">FL</option> <option value="GA">GA</option> <option value="HI">HI</option> <option value="IA">IA</option> <option value="ID">ID</option> <option value="IL">IL</option> <option value="IN">IN</option> <option value="KS">KS</option> <option value="KY">KY</option> <option value="LA">LA</option> <option value="MA">MA</option> <option value="MD">MD</option> <option value="ME">ME</option> <option value="MI">MI</option> <option value="MN">MN</option> <option value="MO">MO</option> <option value="MS">MS</option> <option value="MT">MT</option> <option value="NC">NC</option> <option value="ND">ND</option> <option value="NE">NE</option> <option value="NH">NH</option> <option value="NJ">NJ</option> <option value="NM">NM</option> <option value="NV">NV</option> <option value="NY">NY</option> <option value="OH">OH</option> <option value="OK">OK</option> <option value="OR">OR</option> <option value="PA">PA</option> <option value="RI">RI</option> <option value="SC">SC</option> <option value="SD">SD</option> <option value="TN">TN</option> <option value="TX">TX</option> <option value="UT">UT</option> <option value="VA">VA</option> <option value="VT">VT</option> <option value="WA">WA</option> <option value="WI">WI</option> <option value="WV">WV</option> <option value="WY">WY</option> </select> </div></td> <td class="tabletext" width="25%"><div align="left">Zip<br /><span style="font-size: 12px;"> <input class="content" size="9" maxlength="30" name="zip" value="" id="zip" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"> </span></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext" align="left" width="50%">Min Price (optional)<br /><input size="10" maxlength="30" name="lowValue" value="" class="Content" id="lowValue" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="tabletext">Max Price (optional)<br /><input size="10" maxlength="30" name="highValue" value="" class="Content" id="highValue" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" align="left">Prioritization: <label for="number1"> <input class="Content" name="prioritization" value="1" checked="checked" id="number1" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="radio"> Sale Date</label> <label for="number2"> <input class="Content" name="prioritization" value="2" id="number2" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="radio"> Distance</label><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" align="center"><input name="check" value="Get Recent Home Sales" onclick="do_getdata(); return false;" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="button"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#" onclick="play2('2139');return false;"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/maps/fr1654.png" alt="Lennox, California map" align="right" border="0" width="422" height="359"></a> <p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> <i>For population 25 years and over in Lennox</i></p><ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>High school or higher: 30.9%</li><li>Bachelor's degree or higher: 3.0%</li><li>Graduate or professional degree: 0.9%</li><li>Unemployed: 10.5%</li><li>Mean travel time to work: 28.1 minutes</li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"><i>For population 15 years and over in Lennox CDP</i></p><ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>Never married: 38.4%</li><li>Now married: 50.4%</li><li>Separated: 4.3%</li><li>Widowed: 3.5%</li><li>Divorced: 3.4%</li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">12,835 residents are foreign born (54.4% Latin America).</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 55.9%</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="70" height="10"> 26.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left"><br /><br />According to our research there were <a href="http://www.city-data.com/so/so-Lennox-California.html"><b>13 registered sex offenders</b> living in Lennox, California</a> in early 2007.<br />The ratio of number of residents in Lennox to the number of sex offenders is 1827 to 1.<br />The number of registered sex offenders compared to the number of residents in this place is smaller than the state average.<br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2000:</p> <div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 1.0% ($1,565)</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="117" height="10"> 0.8% ($1,564)</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/tmap/tr1654.png" alt="Lennox satellite photo by USGS" align="right" border="0" width="400" height="300"> <p align="left">Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Inglewood-California.html">Inglewood, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (1.5 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar13.png" align="bottom" border="0">, pop. 112,580).</p> <p align="left">Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Los-Angeles-California.html">Los Angeles, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (10.2 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar5.png" align="bottom" border="0">, pop. 3,694,820).</p> <p align="left">Nearest cities: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Inglewood-California.html">Inglewood, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (1.5 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar13.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Hawthorne-California.html">Hawthorne, CA</a> (1.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar14.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Del-Aire-California.html">Del Aire, CA</a> (1.8 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar15.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Ladera-Heights-California.html">Ladera Heights, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.6 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar16.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/El-Segundo-California.html">El Segundo, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.6 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar11.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lawndale-California.html">Lawndale, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar4.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Alondra-Park-California.html">Alondra Park, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar14.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Westmont-California.html">Westmont, CA</a> (3.8 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar1.png" align="bottom" border="0">).</p> <p align="left">Latitude: 33.94 N, Longitude: 118.36 W</p> <p align="left">Daytime population change due to commuting: -4,531 (-19.7%)<br />Workers who live and work in this place: 468 (6.5%)</p> <p align="left">Area code commonly used in this area: 310</p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/hin2007/2142.png" alt="Lennox household income distribution" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/hval2007/2142.png" alt="Lennox home values distribution" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><p align="left"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.city-data.com/cityw/Lennox-CA.html">This place's Wikipedia profile</a></p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <td width="300" height="200"><br /><center>Historical population</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg0" width="300" height="200"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 181px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 145px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4590.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 109px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9180.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 73px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">13770.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 37px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">18360.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 1px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">22950.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 35px; text-align: center;">1970</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 111.667px; text-align: center;">1980</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 188.333px; text-align: center;">1990</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 265px; text-align: center;">2000</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend0"> </div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td align="left" width="49%"><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <td width="300" height="200"><br /><center>Historical housing units</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg1" width="300" height="200"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 181px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 145px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">1249.2</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 109px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">2498.4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 73px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3747.6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 37px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4996.8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 1px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6246.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 35px; text-align: center;">1970</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 111.667px; text-align: center;">1980</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 188.333px; text-align: center;">1990</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 265px; text-align: center;">2000</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend1"> </div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common industries for males (%):</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg2" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">16</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">20</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Accommodation and food services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Construction</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Administrative and support and waste management service...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Repair and maintenance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Other transportation, and support activities, and couri...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Food and beverage stores</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Health care</div></div><div id="legend2" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Accommodation and food services (20%)</li><li>Construction (11%)</li><li>Administrative and support and waste management services (9%)</li><li>Repair and maintenance (6%)</li><li>Other transportation, and support activities, and couriers (4%)</li><li>Food and beverage stores (3%)</li><li>Health care (3%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common industries for females (%):</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg3" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">5</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">10</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">20</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">25</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Accommodation and food services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Health care</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Educational services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Social assistance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Administrative and support and waste management service...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Finance and insurance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Private households</div></div><div id="legend3" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Accommodation and food services (22%)</li><li>Health care (8%)</li><li>Educational services (7%)</li><li>Social assistance (5%)</li><li>Administrative and support and waste management services (4%)</li><li>Finance and insurance (4%)</li><li>Private households (3%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common occupations for males (%)</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg4" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupatio...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Cooks and food preparation workers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Other production occupations including supervisors</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Driver/sales workers and truck drivers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Laborers and material movers, hand</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Construction laborers</div></div><div id="legend4" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (11%)</li><li>Cooks and food preparation workers (7%)</li><li>Other production occupations including supervisors (7%)</li><li>Driver/sales workers and truck drivers (7%)</li><li>Laborers and material movers, hand (5%)</li><li>Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers (4%)</li><li>Construction laborers (4%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common occupations for females (%)</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg5" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupatio...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Cooks and food preparation workers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Other production occupations including supervisors</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Cashiers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Laborers and material movers, hand</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Other office and administrative support workers includi...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Retail sales workers except cashiers</div></div><div id="legend5" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (12%)</li><li>Cooks and food preparation workers (7%)</li><li>Other production occupations including supervisors (5%)</li><li>Cashiers (5%)</li><li>Laborers and material movers, hand (5%)</li><li>Other office and administrative support workers including supervisors (5%)</li><li>Retail sales workers except cashiers (4%)</li></ul></div><br /><br /><br /><p class="style1" align="left"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/craces/2139.jpg" alt="Lennox races chart" border="0" width="300" height="300"><br /></p> </td></tr></tbody></table><table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td> <h3 class="style1" align="left">Average climate in Lennox, California</h3> <p align="left"><i><small>Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations</small></i></p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w1/lha2139.png" alt="Lennox, California average temperatures" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w3/prc2139.png" alt="Lennox, California average precipitation" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w2/hum2139.png" alt="Lennox, California humidity" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w4/wnd2139.png" alt="Lennox, California wind speed" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w5/snw2139.png" alt="Lennox, California snowfall" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w6/sun2139.png" alt="Lennox, California sunshine" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w7/cld2139.png" alt="Lennox, California clear and cloudy days" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="50%"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p align="center"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#top">Back to the top</a></p> <p>Lennox-area historical tornado activity is significantly above California state average. It is 78% smaller than the overall U.S. average.<br /></p><p>On 3/1/1983, a category 2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado 2.9 miles away from the Lennox place center injured 30 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages.</p> <p>On 11/7/1966, a category 2 tornado 4.8 miles away from the place center caused between $500 and $5000 in damages.</p><br /><img src="http://pics.city-data.com/topo/tpc2139.png" alt="Lennox topographic map" align="right" border="0" width="400" height="300"> <div align="left"><i>Hospitals/medical centers near Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>CENTINELA HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER (about 2 miles; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>DANIEL FREEMAN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (about 2 miles; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>COMMUNITY HOSPITAL OF GARDENA (about 6 miles; GARDENA, CA)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/elec2/TOCelec-LENNOX-CA.html">Political contributions by individuals in Lennox, CA</a></p> <div align="left"><i>Airports certified for carrier operations nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>LOS ANGELES INTL (about 3 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; ID: LAX)</li><li>LONG BEACH /DAUGHERTY FIELD/ (about 17 miles; LONG BEACH, CA; ID: LGB)</li><li>BURBANK-GLENDALE-PASADENA (about 18 miles; BURBANK, CA; ID: BUR)</li></ul> </div> <div align="left"><i>Other public-use airports nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>JACK NORTHROP FIELD/HAWTHORNE MUNICIPAL (about 3 miles; HAWTHORNE, CA; ID: HHR)</li><li>SANTA MONICA MUNI (about 8 miles; SANTA MONICA, CA; ID: SMO)</li><li>COMPTON/WOODLEY (about 10 miles; COMPTON, CA; ID: CPM)</li></ul><br /></div> <div align="left"><i>Amtrak stations near Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>12 miles: LOS ANGELES (800 N. ALAMEDA ST.). Services: ticket office, fully wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, free short-term parking, paid long-term parking, car rental agency, taxi stand, public transit connection. </li><li>15 miles: SAN PEDRO (CATALINA TERMINAL, BERTH 95) - Bus Station. Services: partially wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, paid short-term parking, paid long-term parking, call for taxi service. </li><li>15 miles: GLENDALE (400 W. CERRITOS AVE.). Services: fully wheelchair accessible, public payphones, free short-term parking, free long-term parking, call for taxi service, intercity bus service, public transit connection. </li></ul> </div><br /><div align="left"><i>Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>WEST LOS ANGELES COLLEGE (about 5 miles; CULVER CITY, CA; Full-time enrollment: 4,640)</li><li>CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY-DOMINGUEZ HILLS (about 9 miles; CARSON, CA; FT enrollment: 8,672)</li><li>SANTA MONICA COLLEGE (about 10 miles; SANTA MONICA, CA; FT enrollment: 15,470)</li><li>LOS ANGELES TRADE TECHNICAL COLLEGE (about 10 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 8,528)</li><li>FASHION INSTITUTE OF DESIGN AND MERCH-LOS ANGELES (about 10 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 2,112)</li><li>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES (about 11 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 35,930)</li><li>COMPTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE (about 12 miles; COMPTON, CA; FT enrollment: 3,797)</li></ul> </div> <div align="left"><i>Public elementary/middle schools in Lennox:</i><br /><ul class="style1"><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/lennox-middle-ca.html">Lennox Middle</a></b> (Students: 2213; Location: 11033 Buford Ave.; Grades: 19647096106736)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/moffett-elementary-ca.html">Moffett Elementary</a></b> (Students: 725; Location: 11050 Larch Ave.; Grades: 19647096014971)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/jefferson-elementary12-ca.html">Jefferson Elementary</a></b> (Students: 603; Location: 10322 Condon Ave.; Grades: 19647096014963)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/buford-elementary-ca.html">Buford Elementary</a></b> (Students: 586; Location: 4919 West 109th St.; Grades: 19647096014948)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/felton-elementary-ca.html">Felton Elementary</a></b> (Students: 466; Location: 10417 Felton Ave.; Grades: 19647096014955)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/dolores-huerta-elementary-ca.html">Dolores Huerta Elementary</a></b> (Students: 428; Location: 11036 Hawthorne Blvd.; Grades: 19647090100610)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/lennox-mathematics--science--and-technology-academ-ca.html">Lennox Mathematics, Science, and Technology Academ</a></b> (Students: 120; Location: 10319 South Firmona Ave.; Grades: 19647090100602)</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pics2.city-data.com/cdgraph.js"></script><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td valign="middle" width="420"> <div id="canvas" style="position: relative; width: 400px; height: 400px;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/clm/clu2139.png" alt="Lennox map" align="left" border="0" width="400" height="400"></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var jg = new jsGraphics("canvas"); var drawnB = false; var drawn1 = false; var drawn2 = false; var drawn3 = false; var drawn4 = false; var drawn5 = false; var drawn6 = false; var drawn7 = false; var drawn8 = false; var drawn9 = false; var drawn10 = false; var drawn11 = false; var drawn12 = false; //--> </script> <p align="center"><a href="javascript:drawnB=!drawnB;%20drawBorders();">Click to draw/clear place borders</a></p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Notable location: </font></b>Lennox Branch County of Los Angeles Public Library<font color="#000000"> (A)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn1=!drawn1;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide its location on the map</a> </p> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Churches in Lennox include: </font></b>Iglesia Nuevas de Gozo<font color="#009000"> (A)</font>, Lennox United Methodist Church<font color="#009000"> (B)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn3=!drawn3;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide their locations on the map</a> </p> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Park in Lennox: </font></b>Lennox Park<font color="#009090"> (1)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn6=!drawn6;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide its location on the map</a> </p> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- function drawBorders(shape) { jg_n4 = (document.layers && typeof document.classes != "undefined"); 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if (drawn1) { jg.setColor("#000000"); jg.drawStringRect("A",264,190,"center"); } if (drawn3) { jg.setColor("#009000"); jg.drawStringRect("A",237,198,"center"); jg.drawStringRect("B",213,194,"center"); } if (drawn6) { jg.setColor("#009090"); jg.drawStringRect("1",199,201,"center"); } jg.paint(); } //--> </script> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="left"><br />Average household size:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 4.5 people</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="94" height="10"> 2.9 people</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Percentage of family households:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 86.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="118" height="10"> 68.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Percentage of households with unmarried partners:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 7.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="120" height="10"> 5.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><i>Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)</i><ul class="style1"><li>Lesbian couples: 0.4% of all households</li><li>Gay men: 0.3% of all households</li></ul> </div><br />Residents with income below the poverty level in 2007:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 31.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="67" height="10"> 14.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2007:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 10.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="86" height="10"> 6.3%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Lennox-California.html">Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Lennox, CA</a></p><br />2 people in other noninstitutional group quarters<br /><br /><div align="left"><br /><i>Lennox compared to California state average: </i><table style="table-layout: fixed;" align="right" border="0" width="398"> <tbody><tr> <td style="float: right; height: auto; width: auto; clear: right;"> <p> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/emap/em2473.png" alt="Lennox, California environmental map by EPA" border="0" width="398" height="298"> </p> <p align="right"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/emap/legend.gif" alt="Map Legend" align="middle" border="0" width="143" height="157"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="style1"><li>Median household income <b>below</b> state average.</li><li>Unemployed percentage <b>above</b> state average.</li><li>Black race population percentage <b>below</b> state average.</li><li>Hispanic race population percentage <b>significantly above</b> state average.</li><li>Median age <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Foreign-born population percentage <b>significantly above</b> state average.</li><li>Renting percentage <b>above</b> state average.</li><li>Length of stay since moving in <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Number of rooms per house <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Percentage of population with a bachelor's degree or higher <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li></ul></div> <p align="center"><br /><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#top">Back to the top</a></p><br /><div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <tbody><tr> <td width="600" height="250"><br /><center>Educational Attainment</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 600px;"><canvas id="bg6" width="600" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 16.7188px; text-align: center;">Less than high school</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 80.1562px; text-align: center;">High school or equiv.</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 143.594px; text-align: center;">Less than 1 year of college</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 207.031px; text-align: center;">1 or more years of college</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 270.469px; text-align: center;">Associate degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 333.906px; text-align: center;">Bachelor's degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 397.344px; text-align: center;">Master's degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 460.781px; text-align: center;">Profess. school degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 524.219px; text-align: center;">Doctorate degree</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend6"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox </td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California average</td></tr></tbody></table></div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <tbody><tr> <td width="600" height="250"><br /><center>School Enrollment by Level of School</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 600px;"><canvas id="bg7" width="600" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 25.2778px; text-align: center;">Nursery, preschool</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 105.833px; text-align: center;">Kindergarten</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 186.389px; text-align: center;">Grade 1 to 4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 266.944px; text-align: center;">Grade 5 to 8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 347.5px; text-align: center;">Grade 9 to 12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 428.056px; text-align: center;">College undergrad</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 508.611px; text-align: center;">Graduate or professional</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend7"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox </td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California average</td></tr></tbody></table></div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><br /><table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="780"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td width="380"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/trt/2142.png" alt="Lennox travel time to work" border="0" width="360" height="220"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td width="380"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/ctransp/2142.jpg" alt="Lennox mode of transportation to work chart" border="0" width="300" height="300"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="780"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><div align="center"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="330" height="310"><br /><center>2004 Presidential Election results in Los Angeles County California:<br /><br /></center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg8" width="300" height="300"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: top; left: 238.142px; top: 98.1627px;">Bush / Cheney (Rep.) (36%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 13.6808px; top: 196.4px;">Kerry / Edwards (Dem.) (63%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 95.9987px; top: 43.0817px;">Other (1%)</div></div><br /></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="650"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><br />Most commonly used house heating fuel:<br /></td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="position: relative; width: 330px;"><canvas id="bg9" width="330" height="310"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; left: 244.763px; top: 218.576px;">Utility gas (71%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 17.0149px; top: 117.664px;">Electricity (16%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 68.6611px; top: 55.1336px;">No fuel used (10%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 106.834px; top: 44.3274px;">Other (3%)</div></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <ul class="style1"><li>Utility gas (71%)</li><li>Electricity (16%)</li><li>No fuel used (10%)</li><li>Solar energy (1%)</li><li>Bottled, tank, or LP gas (1%)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td><style type="text/css"> table.preltab { margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; background: whitesmoke; font-size: 11px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; } table.preltab th, table.preltab td { border: 1px silver solid; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; width: 13%; } table.preltab td { text-align: center; } table.preltab th { background: gainsboro; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; } table.preltab caption { margin-left: inherit; margin-right: inherit; font-size: 11px; } </style><br /><br /><strong>Religon statistics for Lennox</strong><br /><br /><div style="border: 2px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 5px; float: left;"> <div style="margin: 0px 10px; float: left;"> <div class="pieG" style="width: 550px;"><p>Adherents</p><div style="position: relative; width: 550px;"><canvas id="bg10" width="550" height="300"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 100px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; left: 365.369px; top: 210.588px;">Catholic Church (69%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 100px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 84.6312px; top: 80.4119px;">Other religions (31%)</div></div></div> </div></div><br /><table class="preltab"> <tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Catholic Church</th><th>Southern Baptist Convention</th><th>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</th><th>Muslim Estimate</th><th>American Baptist Churches in the USA</th></tr> <tr><th>Adherents</th><td>68.8%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>1.7%</td><td>1.3%</td></tr> <tr><th>Congregations</th><td>6.9%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>5.9%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>5.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="preltab"> <tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th> Charismatic Churches Independent</th><th>Assemblies of God</th><th>United Methodist Church</th><th>International Church of the Foursquare Gospel</th><th>Other religions</th></tr> <tr><th>Adherents</th><td>1.3%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>1.0%</td><td>0.9%</td><td>20.0%</td></tr> <tr><th>Congregations</th><td>0.3%</td><td>6.4%</td><td>4.4%</td><td>5.6%</td><td>56.5%</td></tr></tbody></table>Source: Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center.<br />Tables represent county-level data.<br /><br /><br /><p class="style1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> 3.22% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($43,821 average adjusted gross income)</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Here: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="84" height="10"> 3.22%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 5.75%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><blockquote style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"> 0.14% of residents moved from foreign countries ($1,038 average AGI)<div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Los Angeles County: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="92" height="10"> 0.14%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 0.21%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </blockquote><br />Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Orange_County-CA.html">Orange County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="100" height="10"> 0.46% ($46,009 average AGI)</td></tr> <tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Bernardino_County-CA.html">San Bernardino County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="64" height="10"> 0.30% ($37,904)</td></tr> <tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Diego_County-CA.html">San Diego County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="31" height="10"> 0.15% ($41,486)</td></tr> </tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p class="style1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> 4.58% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($50,578 average adjusted gross income)</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Here: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="109" height="10"> 4.58%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 6.27%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><blockquote style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"> 0.06% of residents moved to foreign countries ($782 average AGI)<div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Los Angeles County: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="90" height="10"> 0.06%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 0.11%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </blockquote><br />Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Bernardino_County-CA.html">San Bernardino County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="100" height="10"> 0.64% ($39,463 average AGI)</td></tr> <tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Orange_County-CA.html">Orange County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="93" height="10"> 0.60% ($54,756)</td></tr> <tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Riverside_County-CA.html">Riverside County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="55" height="10"> 0.35% ($50,596)</td></tr> </tbody></table></div><br /><br /><div align="left"><i>Strongest AM radio stations in Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KNX (1070 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KSPN (710 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KABC-AM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KFWB (980 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KBLA (1580 AM; 50 kW; SANTA MONICA, CA)</li><li>KFOX (1650 AM; 10 kW; TORRANCE, CA; Owner: CHAGAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KTYM (1460 AM; 5 kW; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>KABC (790 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KABC-AM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KMPC (1540 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: ROSE CITY RADIO CORPORATION)</li><li>KFI (640 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)</li><li>KWKW (1330 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: LOTUS COMMUNICATIONS CORP.)</li><li>KHJ (930 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: LBI RADIO LICENSE CORP.)</li><li>KLAC (570 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)</li><li>KXMX (1190 AM; 25 kW; ANAHEIM, CA; Owner: NEW INSPIRATION BROADCASTING COMPANY)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <div align="left"><i>Strongest FM radio stations in Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KKBT (100.3 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: RADIO ONE LICENSES, LLC)</li><li>KRTH-FM (101.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KZLA-FM (93.9 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: EMMIS RADIO LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KPWR (105.9 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: EMMIS RADIO LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KLSX (97.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KUSC (91.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA)</li><li>KKLA-FM (99.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: NEW INSPIRATION BROADCASTING CO., INC.)</li><li>KJLH (102.3 FM; COMPTON, CA; Owner: TAXI LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KRCD (103.9 FM; INGLEWOOD, CA; Owner: HBC LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KCBS-FM (93.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KYSR (98.7 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)</li><li>KCRW (89.9 FM; SANTA MONICA, CA; Owner: SANTA MONICA COMM. COLLEGE DISTRICT)</li><li>KSCA (101.9 FM; GLENDALE, CA; Owner: HBC LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>K212FA (90.3 FM; TEMPLE CITY, CA; Owner: EDUCATIONAL MEDIA FOUNDATION)</li><li>KLOS (95.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KLOS-FM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KOST (103.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)</li><li>KLVE (107.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KLVE-FM LICENSE CORP.)</li><li>KIIS-FM (102.7 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L.P.)</li><li>KDLD (103.1 FM; SANTA MONICA, CA; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC.)</li><li>KPCC (89.3 FM; PASADENA, CA; Owner: PASADENA AREA COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <div align="left"><i>TV broadcast stations around Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KTRO-LP (Channel 50; LANCASTER, CA; Owner: ROBERT D. ADELMAN)</li><li>KCBS-TV (Channel 2; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CBS BROADCASTING INC.)</li><li>KTLA-TV (Channel 5; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KTLA INC.)</li><li>KABC-TV (Channel 7; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: ABC HOLDING COMPANY, INC.)</li><li>KCAL-TV (Channel 9; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: VIACOM TELEVISION STATIONS GROUP OF LOS ANGELES LLC)</li><li>KNBC (Channel 4; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: NBC SUBSIDIARY (KNBC-TV), INC.)</li></ul> </div> <br /><br />FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers: 2<ul><li>4518 Lennox Blvd, Call Sign: KMG359, Licensee ID: L00007682<br />Assigned Frequencies : 154.430 MHz<br />Grant Date: 11/06/2002, Expiration Date: 01/21/2013<br />Registrant: County Of Los Angeles, 1110 N Eastern Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063, Phone: (323) 267-3004, Fax: (323) 262-4607, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="vog.ytnuocal.dsi@noopg"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov">gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov</a> </li><li>4331 Lennox Blvd, Structure height: 23 m, Call Sign: WII821, Licensee ID: L00007682<br />486.462 MHz, 486.487 MHz, 486.512 MHz, 486.537 MHz, 486.562 MHz, 486.587 MHz, 486.612 MHz, 486.637 MHz, 486.662 MHz, 486.687 MHz... (+99 more)<br />Grant Date: 02/16/2005, Expiration Date: 05/09/2015<br />Registrant: County Of Los Angeles, 1110 N Eastern Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063, Phone: (323) 267-3004, Fax: (323) 262-4607, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="vog.ytnuocal.dsi@noopg"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov">gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov</a> </li></ul><br />FCC Registered Microwave Towers: 1<ul><li>TWA, 11102 La Cienega Blvd, Overall height: 12.8 m, Call Sign: WMW988<br />Assigned Frequencies : 10561.2 MHz<br />Grant Date: 01/17/2001, Expiration Date: 02/01/2011<br />Registrant: Verizon Wireless, 1120 Sanctuary Pkwy, #150 Gasa5reg, Alpharetta, GA 30004, Phone: (770) 797-1070, Fax: (770) 797-1036, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="moc.sseleriwnozirev@yrotaluger.krowten"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:network.regulatory@verizonwireless.com">network.regulatory@verizonwireless.com</a> </li></ul><br />FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses: 5<ul><li>Call Sign: KD6BSN, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 10/08/1991, Expiration Date: 10/08/2001, Cancelation Date: 10/09/2003<br />Registrant: Ismael Pineda, 4852 W 111th St, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KD6CPC, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 10/29/1991, Expiration Date: 10/29/2001, Cancelation Date: 10/30/2003<br />Registrant: Rodny A Estrada, 4038 W 105 St, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KE6MAS, Previous Call Sign: , Licensee ID: L00908294<br />Grant Date: 08/20/2004, Expiration Date: 09/07/2014, Certifier: Jeffrey S Thompson<br />Registrant: Jeffrey S Thompson, 10937 Grevillea Ave, Lennox, CA 90304-2323</li><li>Call Sign: KF6DOQ, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 05/04/1996, Expiration Date: 05/04/2006, Cancelation Date: 05/06/2008<br />Registrant: Celito P Ebiya, 10932 Mansel Ave, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KF6YLA, Previous Call Sign: , Licensee ID: L00138617<br />Grant Date: 08/17/1999, Expiration Date: 08/17/2009, Certifier: Shawn C Thompson<br />Registrant: Shawn C Thompson, 10937 Grevillea Ave, Lennox, CA 90304-2323</li></ul><br /><br />FAA Registered Aircrafts: 2<ul><li>Aircraft: AERONCA 7AC (Fixed wing single engine, Category: Land, Seats: 2, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 90 mph), Engine: CONT MOTOR A&C65 SERIES (65 HP) (Reciprocating)<br />N-Number: 2995E , Serial Number: 7AC6582, Year manufactured: 1946<br />Registrant (Individual): Horace G Brown, 10829 Yukon, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Aircraft: FAIRCHILD M-62A (Fixed wing single engine, Category: Land, Seats: 2, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 97 mph), Engine: FAIRCHILD 6-440 SERIES (200 HP) (Reciprocating)<br />N-Number: 67838 , Serial Number: FZ310, Year manufactured: 1943<br />Registrant (Individual): Bob Martin, 10900 Acacia, Lennox, CA 90304</li></ul><br /><br /><br /><a name="HMDA"></a> <style> table.ffiec { width: 100%; background: #6666aa; margin: 20px 0px;} p.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid #6666aa; background:#ffffe0;} h2.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; font-size: 1.2em; text-align: center;} ul.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid #6666aa; background:#ffffe0;} ul.ffiec li{ margin-left: 40px;} .ffiec td {font-size: 0.7em;} .ffiec thead td {font-size: 1em; padding: 10px;} span.ffiec { display: inline-block; margin-top: 10px;} span.ffiec a {color: #2070BB; background: #ccc; margin: 0px 1px; padding:4px 10px; border: 2px solid #aaa; text-decoration: none;} span.ffiec a:hover {background: #ddd;} span.active a {background: #aaa; border: 3px solid #777; font-weight: bold;} span.active a:hover {background: #aaa;} .ffiec th, .ffiec .sHdr {font-weight: bold; background: #FFCCCC; text-align: center;} .ffiec .sHdr {background: #CCCCFF;} .ffiec tr{background:#ffffff;} .ffiec tr.r{background:#ffffe0;} .ffiec td.t { width: 250px; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold;} .ffiec th {font-size: 0.70em} .ffiec thead td {background: #CCCCCC; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;} .ffiecYear {border-bottom: 4px solid #6666aa; padding-bottom: 10px;} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var cH = 'H07'; //--> </script> <table id="H07" style="display: table;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th><br /></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th><br /></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>1</td><td>$74,340</td><td>50</td><td>$300,653</td><td>207</td><td>$314,427</td><td>28</td><td>$258,655</td><td>7</td><td>$581,679</td><td>29</td><td>$348,559</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>28</td><td>$264,834</td><td>55</td><td>$327,967</td><td>10</td><td>$257,854</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$360,229</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>42</td><td>$381,133</td><td>168</td><td>$360,008</td><td>22</td><td>$207,828</td><td>2</td><td>$431,075</td><td>21</td><td>$420,381</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>18</td><td>$331,851</td><td>58</td><td>$365,581</td><td>4</td><td>$275,110</td><td>1</td><td>$991,930</td><td>4</td><td>$352,983</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$419,040</td><td>24</td><td>$339,536</td><td>2</td><td>$281,275</td><td>1</td><td>$123,900</td><td>4</td><td>$389,083</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H06" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="15"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th><th colspan="2">G) Loans On Manufactured<br />Home Dwelling (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>102</td><td>$299,199</td><td>301</td><td>$307,129</td><td>36</td><td>$227,302</td><td>8</td><td>$848,240</td><td>35</td><td>$284,992</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>48</td><td>$301,307</td><td>62</td><td>$314,414</td><td>5</td><td>$233,148</td><td>1</td><td>$377,880</td><td>13</td><td>$323,068</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>60</td><td>$319,081</td><td>172</td><td>$315,798</td><td>36</td><td>$214,731</td><td>1</td><td>$534,690</td><td>23</td><td>$327,471</td><td>1</td><td>$50,180</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>45</td><td>$292,960</td><td>110</td><td>$298,063</td><td>15</td><td>$246,299</td><td>2</td><td>$482,175</td><td>11</td><td>$311,159</td><td>1</td><td>$475,000</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$167,000</td><td>17</td><td>$242,764</td><td>23</td><td>$301,345</td><td>4</td><td>$250,338</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$221,520</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H05" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th><th colspan="2">G) Loans On Manufactured<br />Home Dwelling (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>125</td><td>$250,603</td><td>361</td><td>$250,099</td><td>43</td><td>$217,769</td><td>10</td><td>$772,259</td><td>41</td><td>$275,582</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>44</td><td>$251,942</td><td>86</td><td>$223,658</td><td>9</td><td>$168,388</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>11</td><td>$249,489</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>64</td><td>$239,433</td><td>167</td><td>$237,514</td><td>31</td><td>$177,347</td><td>1</td><td>$482,940</td><td>21</td><td>$271,396</td><td>1</td><td>$61,950</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>34</td><td>$260,801</td><td>140</td><td>$261,260</td><td>16</td><td>$183,837</td><td>1</td><td>$425,600</td><td>14</td><td>$308,239</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>6</td><td>$273,420</td><td>32</td><td>$227,091</td><td>4</td><td>$284,025</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$302,445</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H04" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>132</td><td>$207,649</td><td>333</td><td>$202,042</td><td>40</td><td>$170,096</td><td>9</td><td>$666,850</td><td>49</td><td>$234,318</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>1</td><td>$315,000</td><td>37</td><td>$208,688</td><td>90</td><td>$197,163</td><td>12</td><td>$216,682</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$233,456</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>51</td><td>$215,984</td><td>147</td><td>$202,651</td><td>26</td><td>$133,506</td><td>1</td><td>$847,470</td><td>19</td><td>$200,793</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$335,770</td><td>28</td><td>$191,555</td><td>153</td><td>$209,296</td><td>10</td><td>$105,596</td><td>1</td><td>$83,630</td><td>12</td><td>$219,529</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$172,098</td><td>24</td><td>$196,079</td><td>3</td><td>$192,700</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$190,106</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H03" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$218,209</td><td>106</td><td>$174,101</td><td>428</td><td>$156,322</td><td>4</td><td>$47,523</td><td>9</td><td>$515,419</td><td>51</td><td>$162,175</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$220,560</td><td>22</td><td>$174,782</td><td>86</td><td>$170,264</td><td>1</td><td>$25,000</td><td>1</td><td>$300,000</td><td>17</td><td>$170,279</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>6</td><td>$251,925</td><td>45</td><td>$171,236</td><td>169</td><td>$158,358</td><td>11</td><td>$42,415</td><td>4</td><td>$347,425</td><td>23</td><td>$173,642</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$237,120</td><td>20</td><td>$207,701</td><td>139</td><td>$169,632</td><td>8</td><td>$36,991</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>16</td><td>$141,972</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>2</td><td>$256,000</td><td>3</td><td>$121,750</td><td>10</td><td>$139,548</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$481,570</td><td>4</td><td>$162,503</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H02" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>11</td><td>$192,644</td><td>28</td><td>$150,174</td><td>114</td><td>$146,333</td><td>2</td><td>$25,300</td><td>6</td><td>$264,977</td><td>13</td><td>$168,458</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>4</td><td>$198,608</td><td>7</td><td>$175,780</td><td>24</td><td>$131,885</td><td>1</td><td>$38,190</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$99,705</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>3</td><td>$226,187</td><td>13</td><td>$127,254</td><td>48</td><td>$132,144</td><td>4</td><td>$7,980</td><td>1</td><td>$180,890</td><td>3</td><td>$130,437</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>2</td><td>$190,205</td><td>6</td><td>$184,245</td><td>47</td><td>$156,500</td><td>1</td><td>$3,820</td><td>1</td><td>$189,570</td><td>2</td><td>$112,665</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>14</td><td>$142,446</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$191,430</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H01" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>14</td><td>$162,104</td><td>16</td><td>$113,928</td><td>72</td><td>$136,735</td><td>3</td><td>$63,743</td><td>2</td><td>$310,060</td><td>8</td><td>$128,741</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$103,778</td><td>11</td><td>$152,408</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$196,770</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>5</td><td>$209,000</td><td>23</td><td>$110,417</td><td>44</td><td>$130,517</td><td>9</td><td>$35,973</td><td>1</td><td>$280,010</td><td>3</td><td>$115,237</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>4</td><td>$147,080</td><td>8</td><td>$144,041</td><td>20</td><td>$164,383</td><td>1</td><td>$33,420</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$130,445</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$231,690</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$118,319</td><td>2</td><td>$9,060</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$83,630</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H00" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>22</td><td>$150,418</td><td>17</td><td>$127,606</td><td>22</td><td>$98,378</td><td>2</td><td>$9,035</td><td>4</td><td>$193,440</td><td>3</td><td>$119,027</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$167,920</td><td>4</td><td>$106,653</td><td>4</td><td>$113,193</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$112,750</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>4</td><td>$175,355</td><td>11</td><td>$102,216</td><td>24</td><td>$95,046</td><td>4</td><td>$39,230</td><td>1</td><td>$419,400</td><td>2</td><td>$170,955</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$101,600</td><td>3</td><td>$123,307</td><td>11</td><td>$72,799</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$76,820</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>4</td><td>$153,345</td><td>3</td><td>$44,113</td><td>16</td><td>$123,720</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$141,170</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H99" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999<br /><small><i>(Based on 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>38</td><td>$152,525</td><td>37</td><td>$117,069</td><td>97</td><td>$110,470</td><td>21</td><td>$13,113</td><td>3</td><td>$555,843</td><td>17</td><td>$105,727</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>5</td><td>$143,528</td><td>4</td><td>$122,515</td><td>29</td><td>$119,590</td><td>6</td><td>$18,505</td><td>2</td><td>$854,565</td><td>3</td><td>$111,007</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>9</td><td>$150,043</td><td>14</td><td>$114,246</td><td>94</td><td>$112,162</td><td>13</td><td>$21,463</td><td>2</td><td>$516,400</td><td>13</td><td>$119,178</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>5</td><td>$149,558</td><td>14</td><td>$129,319</td><td>47</td><td>$105,683</td><td>1</td><td>$13,060</td><td>2</td><td>$501,940</td><td>8</td><td>$124,885</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>2</td><td>$109,695</td><td>3</td><td>$94,843</td><td>33</td><td>$117,068</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$106,488</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="ffiecYear"><b>Choose year: </b><span class="ffiec active" id="nH07"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H07");'>2007</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH06"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H06");'>2006</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH05"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H05");'>2005</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH04"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H04");'>2004</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH03"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H03");'>2003</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH02"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H02");'>2002</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH01"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H01");'>2001</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH00"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H00");'>2000</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH99"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H99");'>1999</a></span> </div> <br />See detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-01-California.html#HMDA">6015.01</a> , <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-02-California.html#HMDA">6015.02</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6016-00-California.html#HMDA">6016.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6017-00-California.html#HMDA">6017.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Inglewood-6018-01-California.html#HMDA">6018.01</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#HMDA">6018.02</a><br /><br /><a name="PMIC"></a> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var cP = 'P07'; //--> </script> <table id="P07" style="display: table;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7">Private Mortgage Insurance Companies Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th><br /></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th><br /></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>3</td><td>$418,220</td><td>5</td><td>$438,570</td><td>1</td><td>$314,530</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$503,765</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$469,645</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$297,580</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$447,000</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P06" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="5"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>1</td><td>$327,810</td><td>3</td><td>$403,737</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P05" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>4</td><td>$288,608</td><td>5</td><td>$301,396</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$234,955</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$302,195</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$302,195</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$288,130</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P04" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$278,439</td><td>4</td><td>$226,525</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$241,800</td><td>4</td><td>$253,928</td><td>1</td><td>$262,570</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$192,660</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$317,950</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$301,000</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P03" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>21</td><td>$219,869</td><td>12</td><td>$165,286</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>4</td><td>$136,175</td><td>2</td><td>$146,085</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>1</td><td>$172,080</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$172,080</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$131,160</td><td>2</td><td>$157,095</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P02" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>15</td><td>$169,639</td><td>6</td><td>$164,790</td><td>2</td><td>$171,385</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$156,115</td><td>3</td><td>$147,040</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>1</td><td>$159,210</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$159,210</td><td>1</td><td>$132,570</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$138,770</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P01" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$135,288</td><td>8</td><td>$156,034</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$75,180</td><td>1</td><td>$131,760</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$173,225</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$190,960</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P00" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>13</td><td>$160,575</td><td>5</td><td>$134,936</td><td>1</td><td>$76,200</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$135,223</td><td>1</td><td>$171,860</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$80,225</td><td>1</td><td>$140,360</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P99" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999<br /><small><i>(Based on 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>11</td><td>$121,088</td><td>17</td><td>$151,895</td><td>1</td><td>$67,950</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$137,810</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$184,015</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$174,120</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$204,220</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="ffiecYear"><b>Choose year: </b><span class="ffiec active" id="nP07"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P07");'>2007</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP06"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P06");'>2006</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP05"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P05");'>2005</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP04"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P04");'>2004</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP03"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P03");'>2003</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP02"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P02");'>2002</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP01"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P01");'>2001</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP00"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P00");'>2000</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP99"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P99");'>1999</a></span> </div> <br />See detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#PMIC">6015.01</a> , <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-02-California.html#PMIC">6015.02</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6016-00-California.html#PMIC">6016.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6017-00-California.html#PMIC">6017.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Inglewood-6018-01-California.html#PMIC">6018.01</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#PMIC">6018.02</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Ichwan 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width: 440px; height: 400px;"> <ul class="map"><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(11);">General Map</li><li class="active">Google Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(13);">MSN Map</li></ul> <div class="mapbox"> <div id="mapbox1" style="width: 420px; height: 370px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="map13" style="display: none; width: 440px; height: 400px;"> <ul class="map"><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(11);">General Map</li><li class="notactive" onclick="change_map(12);">Google Map</li><li class="active">MSN Map</li></ul> <div class="mapbox"> <div id="myMap" style="position: relative; width: 420px; height: 370px;"><p>Please wait while loading the map...</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="http://www.city-data.com/forecast/w-Lennox-California.html">Current weather forecast for Lennox, CA</a><br /><br /><p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Los_Angeles_County-CA.html">Los Angeles County</a></p> Population in July 2007: 23,749.<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Males: 12,242 </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg.gif" border="0" width="103" height="10"> (51.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Females: 11,507 </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg3.gif" border="0" width="96" height="10"> (48.4%)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Median resident age: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="48" height="10"> 24.2 years</td></tr><tr><td>California median age: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="66" height="10"> 33.3 years</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left">Zip codes: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/zips/90304.html">90304</a>.</p><br />Estimated median household income in 2007: $35,902 (it was $28,273 in 2000)<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="89" height="10"> $35,902</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> $59,948</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <br />Estimated median house or condo value in 2007: $454,841 (it was $155,500 in 2000) <div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="128" height="10"> $454,841</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> $532,300</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Mean prices in 2007: All housing units: $376,176; Detached houses: $365,270; Townhouses or other attached units: $434,209; In 2-unit structures: $383,022; In 3-to-4-unit structures: $432,459; In 5-or-more-unit structures: $480,890; Mobile homes: $168,421<br /><p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/housing/houses-Lennox-California.html">Lennox, CA residents, houses, and apartments details</a></p> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/profiles/add" rel="nofollow">Add your B&M business listing here for free. Over a million visitors/week. Get a huge advantage over your competition</a></p> <p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">Races in Lennox:</p> <div align="left"> <ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>Hispanic (89.8%)</li><li>Other race (56.3%)</li><li>Two or more races (4.6%)</li><li>Black (4.1%)</li><li>White Non-Hispanic (3.5%)</li><li>Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (1.4%)</li><li>American Indian (1.3%)</li><li>Filipino (0.5%)</li></ul><small><i>(Total can be greater than 100% because Hispanics could be counted in other races)</i></small><br /> </div><br />2008 cost of living index in Lennox: 170.8 (very high, U.S. average is 100)<br /><br /><style type="text/css" media="screen">div.FP {width:96%; margin:auto; border-top:3px solid #C4DAE5; border-right:1px solid #E8F1F7; border-left:1px solid #E8F1F7; padding:2px; padding-top:8px; margin:auto; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:top;margin-bottom:12px; background-color:#FBFBFB;background-image:url(http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.back.1.png);line-height:normal;text-align:left;}div.FP div.forum_info {width:100%;margin:0px;margin-bottom:8px;}div.FP div.forum_image {float:left; z-index:1;width:53px;height:29px;position:relative;top:-18px;left:-13px;overflow:visible;}div.FP td.post_title {font-family:Tahoma,Arial;font-size:8pt;}div.FP div.forum_title {font-size:10pt;}</style><div class="FP"><div class="forum_info"><div class="forum_image"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/forum.preview.gif" alt="Lennox, CA forum" border="0"></div><div class="forum_title">Recent posts about <a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/california/" title="Visit Lennox, CA forum">Lennox, California on our local forum</a> with over 500,000 registered users. Lennox is mentioned 50 times on our forum:</div></div><table style="margin-top: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-bottom: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/651336-earthquake-9.html#post8867166" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="are drinking coffee at Starbucks in Lennox then I think most people are">Earthquake !!!</a> (82 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/san-diego/651340-earthquake-carmel-valley.html#post8860025" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="It was centered about 1 mile east of Lennox">Earthquake in carmel valley</a> (25 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/515599-los-angeles-suburbs-4.html#post6635000" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="florence, willowbrook, lennox. how did you figure those were">Los Angeles suburbs....</a> (51 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/368679-white-flight-myth-reality-5.html#post4342997" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="areas of South Los Angeles and Lennox. I do property inspections so I'm">White Flight - Myth or Reality?</a> (84 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/528637-la-atlanta-2.html#post6842638" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="Arlington Heights, West Adams, Lennox and a few holdovers (~30%) in the">LA and Atlanta</a> (32 replies)</td></tr><tr><td width="1%"><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/images/post.balloon.s.gif" alt="" border="0"></td><td class="post_title"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/los-angeles/1092-los-angeles-8.html#post21673" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153);" title="friends in LA, or in (as an example) Lennox, MA at Tanglewood on the Green">Los Angeles</a> (277 replies)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 11pt;" align="left">Latest news from Lennox, CA collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations</p><script type="text/javascript" src="http://pics3.city-data.com/news/Lennox-CA.js"></script><style type="text/css"> a.news_title {font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;color:#006699;} a.news_link {color:#009D00;text-decoration:none;background:url(http://pics3.city-data.com/images/external.png) center right no-repeat;padding-right:13px;font-size:11px;} a.news_link:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .news_link {color:#009D00;text-decoration:none;font-size:11px;display:inline;} .news_text {margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:1px;} .news_body {margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:20px;text-align:left;font-size:13px;} </style> <div align="left"> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.knew910.com/cc-common/news/sections/newsarticle.html?feed=104668&article=5477081" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">910 KNEW</a></div> <div class="news_text">was 8.4 miles deep and centered near the community of <b>Lennox</b>, about 10 miles southwest of downtown Los Angeles. <div class="news_link">(knew910.com)</div></div> </div> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-mew-quake18-2009may18,0,6223563.story" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">4 7 quake near LAX is felt across wide area - Los Angeles Times</a></div> <div class="news_text">hit about 8:40 p.m. near the South Bay community of <b>Lennox</b>. A 3.0 aftershock occurred a few minutes later near Lennox. <div class="news_link">(latimes.com)</div></div> </div> <div class="news_body"> <div><a href="http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_12392667" class="news_title" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Los Angeles shaken by moderate earthquake - LA Daily News</a></div> <div class="news_text">4.7 quake struck shortly before 8:40 p.m., a mile east of <b>Lennox</b>, a mile south southeast of Inglewood and 10 miles south southwest of the Los Angeles Civic Center, according to Caltech. <div class="news_link">(dailynews.com)</div></div> </div> <div style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/news/Lennox-CA.html" target="_blank">More news from Lennox, CA</a></div></div><p align="left">Ancestries: United States (1.8%).</p> <script type="text/javascript"> dsa = 1; stime = 'May 19, 2009 03:45:51'; sda=new Date(stime); sda.setHours(sda.getHours()-2); if (dsa && 0) sda.setHours(sda.getHours()-1); function pad(s) { return ((s.toString().length==1) ? "0"+s : s); } function showtm(df) { sda.setSeconds(sda.getSeconds()+df); hr=sda.getHours(); adm="AM"; if (hr>11) adm="PM"; if (hr>12) hr-=12; if (hr==0) hr=12; document.getElementById("ourtime").innerHTML=hr+":"+pad(sda.getMinutes())+":"+pad(sda.getSeconds())+" "+adm; } </script> <p>Current Local Time: <span id="ourtime">1:45:58 AM</span> PST time zone</p> <p align="left">Elevation: 71 feet</p> <p align="left">Land area: 1.08 square miles. </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Population density: 21998 people per square mile </td><td><div align="left"><table bgcolor="#1b1b1b" border="2" bordercolor="#dddd00" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="20"><tbody><tr><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td> <td> (very high).</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style1"><p><img src="http://pics4.city-data.com/ctrends/ctr1796.png" alt="Lennox,CA real estate house value index trend" 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href="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BzO3603ESStDFJJjSrAOTx4ntDZDL4XKOvPmuDMCNtwGA8QQQAxgJIIGm9AEoFDgAUOTs37v9_____wFg6ZLig-ANoAGX3ZL_A7IBEXd3dy5jaXR5LWRhdGEuY29tyAEB2gE0aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jaXR5LWRhdGEuY29tL2NpdHkvTGVubm94LUNhbGlmb3JuaWEuaHRtbIACAagDAegDhQboA5cC6AP6AugD_gP1AwAAAAQ&num=9&sig=AGiWqtziUrSzI1HjuZ7bgmYd4REUuZn4Xw&client=ca-pub-5788426211617053&adurl=http://www.star-cities.com" onmouseover="window.status='star-cities.com'; return true" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true">star-cities.com</a></font><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><script type="text/javascript"><!-- function hve_checkEnter(e){ var characterCode; if(e && e.which){ e = e; characterCode = e.which; } else{ e = event; characterCode = e.keyCode; } if(characterCode == 13){ do_getdatahve(); return false; } else return true; } --> </script> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="500"> <tbody><tr class="tablerow"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table class="hsalestable" id="sales" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="contentHeader" colspan="3" width="100%"><strong>Home Value Estimate</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="tablerow"> <td colspan="2" class="tabletext" valign="top">Address:<br /><input class="content" size="50" maxlength="100" name="hve_street" value="" id="hve_street" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> <td class="tabletext" valign="top">Unit (optional):<br /><input class="content" size="5" maxlength="100" name="hve_unit" value="" id="hve_unit" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="unit"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext">City<br /><input class="content" size="18" maxlength="30" name="hve_city" value="Lennox" id="hve_city" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> <td class="tabletext">State<br /><select class="content" required="yes" message="Please select a state from the list." name="hve_state" size="1" id="hve_state" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)"> <option value="AK">AK</option> <option value="AL">AL</option> <option value="AR">AR</option> <option value="AZ">AZ</option> <option value="CA" selected="selected">CA</option> <option value="CO">CO</option> <option value="CT">CT</option> <option value="DC">DC</option> <option value="DE">DE</option> <option value="FL">FL</option> <option value="GA">GA</option> <option value="HI">HI</option> <option value="IA">IA</option> <option value="ID">ID</option> <option value="IL">IL</option> <option value="IN">IN</option> <option value="KS">KS</option> <option value="KY">KY</option> <option value="LA">LA</option> <option value="MA">MA</option> <option value="MD">MD</option> <option value="ME">ME</option> <option value="MI">MI</option> <option value="MN">MN</option> <option value="MO">MO</option> <option value="MS">MS</option> <option value="MT">MT</option> <option value="NC">NC</option> <option value="ND">ND</option> <option value="NE">NE</option> <option value="NH">NH</option> <option value="NJ">NJ</option> <option value="NM">NM</option> <option value="NV">NV</option> <option value="NY">NY</option> <option value="OH">OH</option> <option value="OK">OK</option> <option value="OR">OR</option> <option value="PA">PA</option> <option value="RI">RI</option> <option value="SC">SC</option> <option value="SD">SD</option> <option value="TN">TN</option> <option value="TX">TX</option> <option value="UT">UT</option> <option value="VA">VA</option> <option value="VT">VT</option> <option value="WA">WA</option> <option value="WI">WI</option> <option value="WV">WV</option> <option value="WY">WY</option> </select></td> <td class="tabletext">Zip<br /><input class="content" size="9" maxlength="30" name="hve_zip" value="" id="hve_zip" onkeypress="hve_checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="3" class="tabletext"> <div align="center"> <input name="check" value="Get Estimate" onclick="do_getdatahve(); return false;" type="button"> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- function checkEnter(e){ var characterCode; if(e && e.which){ e = e; characterCode = e.which; } else{ e = event; characterCode = e.keyCode; } if(characterCode == 13){ do_getdata(); return false; } else return true; } --> </script> <table class="hsalestable" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="500"> <tbody><tr> <td width="100%"><table class="content" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <td colspan="3" class="contentHeader" width="50%"><strong>Recent Home Sales</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="tablerow" align="left"> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" valign="top">Address:<br /><input class="content" size="50" maxlength="100" name="street" value="" id="street" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext" align="left" width="50%">City<br /><input class="content" size="18" maxlength="30" name="city" value="Lennox" id="city" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"><br /></td> <td class="tabletext" width="25%"><div align="left">State<br /><select class="content" required="yes" message="Please select a State from the list." name="state" size="1" id="state" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)"> <option value="AK">AK</option> <option value="AL">AL</option> <option value="AR">AR</option> <option value="AZ">AZ</option> <option value="CA" selected="selected">CA</option> <option value="CO">CO</option> <option value="CT">CT</option> <option value="DC">DC</option> <option value="DE">DE</option> <option value="FL">FL</option> <option value="GA">GA</option> <option value="HI">HI</option> <option value="IA">IA</option> <option value="ID">ID</option> <option value="IL">IL</option> <option value="IN">IN</option> <option value="KS">KS</option> <option value="KY">KY</option> <option value="LA">LA</option> <option value="MA">MA</option> <option value="MD">MD</option> <option value="ME">ME</option> <option value="MI">MI</option> <option value="MN">MN</option> <option value="MO">MO</option> <option value="MS">MS</option> <option value="MT">MT</option> <option value="NC">NC</option> <option value="ND">ND</option> <option value="NE">NE</option> <option value="NH">NH</option> <option value="NJ">NJ</option> <option value="NM">NM</option> <option value="NV">NV</option> <option value="NY">NY</option> <option value="OH">OH</option> <option value="OK">OK</option> <option value="OR">OR</option> <option value="PA">PA</option> <option value="RI">RI</option> <option value="SC">SC</option> <option value="SD">SD</option> <option value="TN">TN</option> <option value="TX">TX</option> <option value="UT">UT</option> <option value="VA">VA</option> <option value="VT">VT</option> <option value="WA">WA</option> <option value="WI">WI</option> <option value="WV">WV</option> <option value="WY">WY</option> </select> </div></td> <td class="tabletext" width="25%"><div align="left">Zip<br /><span style="font-size: 12px;"> <input class="content" size="9" maxlength="30" name="zip" value="" id="zip" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"> </span></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tabletext" align="left" width="50%">Min Price (optional)<br /><input size="10" maxlength="30" name="lowValue" value="" class="Content" id="lowValue" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="tabletext">Max Price (optional)<br /><input size="10" maxlength="30" name="highValue" value="" class="Content" id="highValue" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="text"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" align="left">Prioritization: <label for="number1"> <input class="Content" name="prioritization" value="1" checked="checked" id="number1" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="radio"> Sale Date</label> <label for="number2"> <input class="Content" name="prioritization" value="2" id="number2" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="radio"> Distance</label><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="tabletext" align="center"><input name="check" value="Get Recent Home Sales" onclick="do_getdata(); return false;" onkeypress="checkEnter(event)" type="button"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#" onclick="play2('2139');return false;"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/maps/fr1654.png" alt="Lennox, California map" align="right" border="0" width="422" height="359"></a> <p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> <i>For population 25 years and over in Lennox</i></p><ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>High school or higher: 30.9%</li><li>Bachelor's degree or higher: 3.0%</li><li>Graduate or professional degree: 0.9%</li><li>Unemployed: 10.5%</li><li>Mean travel time to work: 28.1 minutes</li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"><i>For population 15 years and over in Lennox CDP</i></p><ul style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><li>Never married: 38.4%</li><li>Now married: 50.4%</li><li>Separated: 4.3%</li><li>Widowed: 3.5%</li><li>Divorced: 3.4%</li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">12,835 residents are foreign born (54.4% Latin America).</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 55.9%</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="70" height="10"> 26.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left"><br /><br />According to our research there were <a href="http://www.city-data.com/so/so-Lennox-California.html"><b>13 registered sex offenders</b> living in Lennox, California</a> in early 2007.<br />The ratio of number of residents in Lennox to the number of sex offenders is 1827 to 1.<br />The number of registered sex offenders compared to the number of residents in this place is smaller than the state average.<br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left">Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2000:</p> <div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Lennox: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 1.0% ($1,565)</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="117" height="10"> 0.8% ($1,564)</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/tmap/tr1654.png" alt="Lennox satellite photo by USGS" align="right" border="0" width="400" height="300"> <p align="left">Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Inglewood-California.html">Inglewood, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (1.5 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar13.png" align="bottom" border="0">, pop. 112,580).</p> <p align="left">Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Los-Angeles-California.html">Los Angeles, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (10.2 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar5.png" align="bottom" border="0">, pop. 3,694,820).</p> <p align="left">Nearest cities: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Inglewood-California.html">Inglewood, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (1.5 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar13.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Hawthorne-California.html">Hawthorne, CA</a> (1.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar14.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Del-Aire-California.html">Del Aire, CA</a> (1.8 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar15.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Ladera-Heights-California.html">Ladera Heights, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.6 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar16.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/El-Segundo-California.html">El Segundo, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.6 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar11.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lawndale-California.html">Lawndale, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar4.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Alondra-Park-California.html">Alondra Park, CA</a> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/c1.png" border="0"> (3.7 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar14.png" align="bottom" border="0">), <a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Westmont-California.html">Westmont, CA</a> (3.8 miles <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/ar1.png" align="bottom" border="0">).</p> <p align="left">Latitude: 33.94 N, Longitude: 118.36 W</p> <p align="left">Daytime population change due to commuting: -4,531 (-19.7%)<br />Workers who live and work in this place: 468 (6.5%)</p> <p align="left">Area code commonly used in this area: 310</p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/hin2007/2142.png" alt="Lennox household income distribution" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/hval2007/2142.png" alt="Lennox home values distribution" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><p align="left"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.city-data.com/cityw/Lennox-CA.html">This place's Wikipedia profile</a></p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="700"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <td width="300" height="200"><br /><center>Historical population</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg0" width="300" height="200"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 181px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 145px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4590.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 109px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9180.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 73px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">13770.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 37px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">18360.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 1px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">22950.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 35px; text-align: center;">1970</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 111.667px; text-align: center;">1980</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 188.333px; text-align: center;">1990</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 265px; text-align: center;">2000</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend0"> </div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td align="left" width="49%"><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <td width="300" height="200"><br /><center>Historical housing units</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg1" width="300" height="200"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 181px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 145px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">1249.2</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 109px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">2498.4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 73px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3747.6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 37px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4996.8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 54px; top: 1px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6246.0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 35px; text-align: center;">1970</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 111.667px; text-align: center;">1980</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 188.333px; text-align: center;">1990</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 193px; left: 265px; text-align: center;">2000</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend1"> </div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common industries for males (%):</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg2" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">16</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">20</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Accommodation and food services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Construction</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Administrative and support and waste management service...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Repair and maintenance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Other transportation, and support activities, and couri...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Food and beverage stores</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Health care</div></div><div id="legend2" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Accommodation and food services (20%)</li><li>Construction (11%)</li><li>Administrative and support and waste management services (9%)</li><li>Repair and maintenance (6%)</li><li>Other transportation, and support activities, and couriers (4%)</li><li>Food and beverage stores (3%)</li><li>Health care (3%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common industries for females (%):</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg3" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">5</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">10</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">20</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">25</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Accommodation and food services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Health care</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Educational services</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Social assistance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Administrative and support and waste management service...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Finance and insurance</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Private households</div></div><div id="legend3" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Accommodation and food services (22%)</li><li>Health care (8%)</li><li>Educational services (7%)</li><li>Social assistance (5%)</li><li>Administrative and support and waste management services (4%)</li><li>Finance and insurance (4%)</li><li>Private households (3%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common occupations for males (%)</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg4" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupatio...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Cooks and food preparation workers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Other production occupations including supervisors</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Driver/sales workers and truck drivers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Laborers and material movers, hand</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Construction laborers</div></div><div id="legend4" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (11%)</li><li>Cooks and food preparation workers (7%)</li><li>Other production occupations including supervisors (7%)</li><li>Driver/sales workers and truck drivers (7%)</li><li>Laborers and material movers, hand (5%)</li><li>Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers (4%)</li><li>Construction laborers (4%)</li></ul></div><br /><div align="center"> <div class="barG" style="width: 560px; float: left;"><p>Most common occupations for females (%)</p><div style="position: relative; width: 560px;"><canvas id="bg5" width="560" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 171px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">0</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 135px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">3</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 99px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">6</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 63px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">9</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: 27px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 14px; top: -9px; left: -3px; text-align: right;">15</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 29.7222px; text-align: center;">Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupatio...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 99.1667px; text-align: center;">Cooks and food preparation workers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 168.611px; text-align: center;">Other production occupations including supervisors</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 238.056px; text-align: center;">Cashiers</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 307.5px; text-align: center;">Laborers and material movers, hand</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 376.944px; text-align: center;">Other office and administrative support workers includi...</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 183px; left: 446.389px; text-align: center;">Retail sales workers except cashiers</div></div><div id="legend5" align="center"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox</td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div align="left"><br /><br /><ul class="style1"><li>Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (12%)</li><li>Cooks and food preparation workers (7%)</li><li>Other production occupations including supervisors (5%)</li><li>Cashiers (5%)</li><li>Laborers and material movers, hand (5%)</li><li>Other office and administrative support workers including supervisors (5%)</li><li>Retail sales workers except cashiers (4%)</li></ul></div><br /><br /><br /><p class="style1" align="left"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/craces/2139.jpg" alt="Lennox races chart" border="0" width="300" height="300"><br /></p> </td></tr></tbody></table><table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td> <h3 class="style1" align="left">Average climate in Lennox, California</h3> <p align="left"><i><small>Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations</small></i></p> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w1/lha2139.png" alt="Lennox, California average temperatures" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w3/prc2139.png" alt="Lennox, California average precipitation" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="754"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w2/hum2139.png" alt="Lennox, California humidity" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w4/wnd2139.png" alt="Lennox, California wind speed" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w5/snw2139.png" alt="Lennox, California snowfall" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w6/sun2139.png" alt="Lennox, California sunshine" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" width="50%"><br /><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/w7/cld2139.png" alt="Lennox, California clear and cloudy days" border="0" width="360" height="220"></td> <td align="left" width="50%"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p align="center"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#top">Back to the top</a></p> <p>Lennox-area historical tornado activity is significantly above California state average. It is 78% smaller than the overall U.S. average.<br /></p><p>On 3/1/1983, a category 2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado 2.9 miles away from the Lennox place center injured 30 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages.</p> <p>On 11/7/1966, a category 2 tornado 4.8 miles away from the place center caused between $500 and $5000 in damages.</p><br /><img src="http://pics.city-data.com/topo/tpc2139.png" alt="Lennox topographic map" align="right" border="0" width="400" height="300"> <div align="left"><i>Hospitals/medical centers near Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>CENTINELA HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER (about 2 miles; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>DANIEL FREEMAN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (about 2 miles; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>COMMUNITY HOSPITAL OF GARDENA (about 6 miles; GARDENA, CA)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/elec2/TOCelec-LENNOX-CA.html">Political contributions by individuals in Lennox, CA</a></p> <div align="left"><i>Airports certified for carrier operations nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>LOS ANGELES INTL (about 3 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; ID: LAX)</li><li>LONG BEACH /DAUGHERTY FIELD/ (about 17 miles; LONG BEACH, CA; ID: LGB)</li><li>BURBANK-GLENDALE-PASADENA (about 18 miles; BURBANK, CA; ID: BUR)</li></ul> </div> <div align="left"><i>Other public-use airports nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>JACK NORTHROP FIELD/HAWTHORNE MUNICIPAL (about 3 miles; HAWTHORNE, CA; ID: HHR)</li><li>SANTA MONICA MUNI (about 8 miles; SANTA MONICA, CA; ID: SMO)</li><li>COMPTON/WOODLEY (about 10 miles; COMPTON, CA; ID: CPM)</li></ul><br /></div> <div align="left"><i>Amtrak stations near Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>12 miles: LOS ANGELES (800 N. ALAMEDA ST.). Services: ticket office, fully wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, free short-term parking, paid long-term parking, car rental agency, taxi stand, public transit connection. </li><li>15 miles: SAN PEDRO (CATALINA TERMINAL, BERTH 95) - Bus Station. Services: partially wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, paid short-term parking, paid long-term parking, call for taxi service. </li><li>15 miles: GLENDALE (400 W. CERRITOS AVE.). Services: fully wheelchair accessible, public payphones, free short-term parking, free long-term parking, call for taxi service, intercity bus service, public transit connection. </li></ul> </div><br /><div align="left"><i>Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>WEST LOS ANGELES COLLEGE (about 5 miles; CULVER CITY, CA; Full-time enrollment: 4,640)</li><li>CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY-DOMINGUEZ HILLS (about 9 miles; CARSON, CA; FT enrollment: 8,672)</li><li>SANTA MONICA COLLEGE (about 10 miles; SANTA MONICA, CA; FT enrollment: 15,470)</li><li>LOS ANGELES TRADE TECHNICAL COLLEGE (about 10 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 8,528)</li><li>FASHION INSTITUTE OF DESIGN AND MERCH-LOS ANGELES (about 10 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 2,112)</li><li>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES (about 11 miles; LOS ANGELES, CA; FT enrollment: 35,930)</li><li>COMPTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE (about 12 miles; COMPTON, CA; FT enrollment: 3,797)</li></ul> </div> <div align="left"><i>Public elementary/middle schools in Lennox:</i><br /><ul class="style1"><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/lennox-middle-ca.html">Lennox Middle</a></b> (Students: 2213; Location: 11033 Buford Ave.; Grades: 19647096106736)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/moffett-elementary-ca.html">Moffett Elementary</a></b> (Students: 725; Location: 11050 Larch Ave.; Grades: 19647096014971)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/jefferson-elementary12-ca.html">Jefferson Elementary</a></b> (Students: 603; Location: 10322 Condon Ave.; Grades: 19647096014963)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/buford-elementary-ca.html">Buford Elementary</a></b> (Students: 586; Location: 4919 West 109th St.; Grades: 19647096014948)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/felton-elementary-ca.html">Felton Elementary</a></b> (Students: 466; Location: 10417 Felton Ave.; Grades: 19647096014955)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/dolores-huerta-elementary-ca.html">Dolores Huerta Elementary</a></b> (Students: 428; Location: 11036 Hawthorne Blvd.; Grades: 19647090100610)</li><li><b><a href="http://www.city-data.com/school/lennox-mathematics--science--and-technology-academ-ca.html">Lennox Mathematics, Science, and Technology Academ</a></b> (Students: 120; Location: 10319 South Firmona Ave.; Grades: 19647090100602)</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pics2.city-data.com/cdgraph.js"></script><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td valign="middle" width="420"> <div id="canvas" style="position: relative; width: 400px; height: 400px;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/clm/clu2139.png" alt="Lennox map" align="left" border="0" width="400" height="400"></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var jg = new jsGraphics("canvas"); var drawnB = false; var drawn1 = false; var drawn2 = false; var drawn3 = false; var drawn4 = false; var drawn5 = false; var drawn6 = false; var drawn7 = false; var drawn8 = false; var drawn9 = false; var drawn10 = false; var drawn11 = false; var drawn12 = false; //--> </script> <p align="center"><a href="javascript:drawnB=!drawnB;%20drawBorders();">Click to draw/clear place borders</a></p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Notable location: </font></b>Lennox Branch County of Los Angeles Public Library<font color="#000000"> (A)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn1=!drawn1;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide its location on the map</a> </p> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Churches in Lennox include: </font></b>Iglesia Nuevas de Gozo<font color="#009000"> (A)</font>, Lennox United Methodist Church<font color="#009000"> (B)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn3=!drawn3;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide their locations on the map</a> </p> <p align="left"><b><font color="#004040">Park in Lennox: </font></b>Lennox Park<font color="#009090"> (1)</font>. <a href="javascript:drawn6=!drawn6;%20drawBorders();">Display/hide its location on the map</a> </p> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- function drawBorders(shape) { jg_n4 = (document.layers && typeof document.classes != "undefined"); if (jg_n4 || window.opera && !document.defaultView) return; jg.clear(); if (drawnB) { jg.setColor("#400030"); jg.setStroke(3); var xpts = new Array(96,130,167,167,167,167,178,178,178,178,201,201,201,201,212,212,212,212,224,224,224,224,248,254,254,254,254,299,299,313,313,339,339,339,337,337,339,339,339,339,337,337,328,328,332,332,319,319,319,319,319,319,307,307,307,307,307,296,296,296,296,272,248,248,248,248,235,235,235,235,224,224,223,223,212,212,201,166,166,166,166,166,154,154,154,154,145,145,75,75,60,60,60,60,60,67,67,80,80,80,96); var ypts = new Array(102,102,104,104,110,110,115,115,106,106,111,111,107,107,103,103,109,109,109,109,143,143,143,143,143,129,129,131,131,131,131,131,131,143,156,156,156,156,168,168,168,168,194,194,194,194,203,203,213,213,270,270,268,263,263,253,253,253,253,259,259,254,252,252,244,244,244,244,250,250,250,250,244,244,244,244,258,276,271,271,270,270,270,270,283,283,297,297,297,297,297,297,194,125,125,125,125,142,119,119,102); jg.drawPolyline(xpts,ypts); } jg.setFont("verdana","14px",Font.PLAIN); if (drawn1) { jg.setColor("#000000"); jg.drawStringRect("A",264,190,"center"); } if (drawn3) { jg.setColor("#009000"); jg.drawStringRect("A",237,198,"center"); jg.drawStringRect("B",213,194,"center"); } if (drawn6) { jg.setColor("#009090"); jg.drawStringRect("1",199,201,"center"); } jg.paint(); } //--> </script> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="left"><br />Average household size:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 4.5 people</td></tr><tr><td>California: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="94" height="10"> 2.9 people</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Percentage of family households:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 86.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="118" height="10"> 68.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Percentage of households with unmarried partners:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 7.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="120" height="10"> 5.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><i>Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)</i><ul class="style1"><li>Lesbian couples: 0.4% of all households</li><li>Gay men: 0.3% of all households</li></ul> </div><br />Residents with income below the poverty level in 2007:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 31.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="67" height="10"> 14.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2007:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>This place: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 10.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Whole state: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="86" height="10"> 6.3%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Lennox-California.html">Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Lennox, CA</a></p><br />2 people in other noninstitutional group quarters<br /><br /><div align="left"><br /><i>Lennox compared to California state average: </i><table style="table-layout: fixed;" align="right" border="0" width="398"> <tbody><tr> <td style="float: right; height: auto; width: auto; clear: right;"> <p> <img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/emap/em2473.png" alt="Lennox, California environmental map by EPA" border="0" width="398" height="298"> </p> <p align="right"><img src="http://pics2.city-data.com/city/emap/legend.gif" alt="Map Legend" align="middle" border="0" width="143" height="157"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="style1"><li>Median household income <b>below</b> state average.</li><li>Unemployed percentage <b>above</b> state average.</li><li>Black race population percentage <b>below</b> state average.</li><li>Hispanic race population percentage <b>significantly above</b> state average.</li><li>Median age <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Foreign-born population percentage <b>significantly above</b> state average.</li><li>Renting percentage <b>above</b> state average.</li><li>Length of stay since moving in <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Number of rooms per house <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li><li>Percentage of population with a bachelor's degree or higher <b>significantly below</b> state average.</li></ul></div> <p align="center"><br /><a href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Lennox-California.html#top">Back to the top</a></p><br /><div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <tbody><tr> <td width="600" height="250"><br /><center>Educational Attainment</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 600px;"><canvas id="bg6" width="600" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 16.7188px; text-align: center;">Less than high school</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 80.1562px; text-align: center;">High school or equiv.</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 143.594px; text-align: center;">Less than 1 year of college</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 207.031px; text-align: center;">1 or more years of college</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 270.469px; text-align: center;">Associate degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 333.906px; text-align: center;">Bachelor's degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 397.344px; text-align: center;">Master's degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 460.781px; text-align: center;">Profess. school degree</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 213px; left: 524.219px; text-align: center;">Doctorate degree</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend6"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox </td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California average</td></tr></tbody></table></div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <tbody><tr> <td width="600" height="250"><br /><center>School Enrollment by Level of School</center> <div style="position: relative; width: 600px;"><canvas id="bg7" width="600" height="250"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 25.2778px; text-align: center;">Nursery, preschool</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 105.833px; text-align: center;">Kindergarten</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 186.389px; text-align: center;">Grade 1 to 4</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 266.944px; text-align: center;">Grade 5 to 8</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 347.5px; text-align: center;">Grade 9 to 12</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 428.056px; text-align: center;">College undergrad</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; font-size: 9px; z-index: 10; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); width: 50px; top: 238px; left: 508.611px; text-align: center;">Graduate or professional</div></div><br /><center><div id="legend7"><table classname="legendcontainer" class="legendcontainer"><thead></thead><tfoot></tfoot><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">Lennox </td><td><br /></td><td classname="legendlabel" class="legendlabel">California average</td></tr></tbody></table></div></center></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><br /><table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="780"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td width="380"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/trt/2142.png" alt="Lennox travel time to work" border="0" width="360" height="220"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td width="380"> <img src="http://pics.city-data.com/ctransp/2142.jpg" alt="Lennox mode of transportation to work chart" border="0" width="300" height="300"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="780"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" width="51%"><br /><div align="center"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="330" height="310"><br /><center>2004 Presidential Election results in Los Angeles County California:<br /><br /></center> <div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><canvas id="bg8" width="300" height="300"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: top; left: 238.142px; top: 98.1627px;">Bush / Cheney (Rep.) (36%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 13.6808px; top: 196.4px;">Kerry / Edwards (Dem.) (63%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 95.9987px; top: 43.0817px;">Other (1%)</div></div><br /></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td align="left" width="49%"><br /><div align="left"> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="650"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><br />Most commonly used house heating fuel:<br /></td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="position: relative; width: 330px;"><canvas id="bg9" width="330" height="310"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; left: 244.763px; top: 218.576px;">Utility gas (71%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 17.0149px; top: 117.664px;">Electricity (16%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 68.6611px; top: 55.1336px;">No fuel used (10%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 50px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 106.834px; top: 44.3274px;">Other (3%)</div></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <ul class="style1"><li>Utility gas (71%)</li><li>Electricity (16%)</li><li>No fuel used (10%)</li><li>Solar energy (1%)</li><li>Bottled, tank, or LP gas (1%)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td><style type="text/css"> table.preltab { margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; background: whitesmoke; font-size: 11px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; } table.preltab th, table.preltab td { border: 1px silver solid; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; width: 13%; } table.preltab td { text-align: center; } table.preltab th { background: gainsboro; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; } table.preltab caption { margin-left: inherit; margin-right: inherit; font-size: 11px; } </style><br /><br /><strong>Religon statistics for Lennox</strong><br /><br /><div style="border: 2px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 5px; float: left;"> <div style="margin: 0px 10px; float: left;"> <div class="pieG" style="width: 550px;"><p>Adherents</p><div style="position: relative; width: 550px;"><canvas id="bg10" width="550" height="300"></canvas><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 100px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; left: 365.369px; top: 210.588px;">Catholic Church (69%)</div><div style="overflow: hidden; position: absolute; z-index: 11; width: 100px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; left: 84.6312px; top: 80.4119px;">Other religions (31%)</div></div></div> </div></div><br /><table class="preltab"> <tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Catholic Church</th><th>Southern Baptist Convention</th><th>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</th><th>Muslim Estimate</th><th>American Baptist Churches in the USA</th></tr> <tr><th>Adherents</th><td>68.8%</td><td>2.0%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>1.7%</td><td>1.3%</td></tr> <tr><th>Congregations</th><td>6.9%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>5.9%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>5.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="preltab"> <tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th> Charismatic Churches Independent</th><th>Assemblies of God</th><th>United Methodist Church</th><th>International Church of the Foursquare Gospel</th><th>Other religions</th></tr> <tr><th>Adherents</th><td>1.3%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>1.0%</td><td>0.9%</td><td>20.0%</td></tr> <tr><th>Congregations</th><td>0.3%</td><td>6.4%</td><td>4.4%</td><td>5.6%</td><td>56.5%</td></tr></tbody></table>Source: Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center.<br />Tables represent county-level data.<br /><br /><br /><p class="style1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> 3.22% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($43,821 average adjusted gross income)</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Here: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="84" height="10"> 3.22%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 5.75%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><blockquote style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"> 0.14% of residents moved from foreign countries ($1,038 average AGI)<div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Los Angeles County: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="92" height="10"> 0.14%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 0.21%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </blockquote><br />Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Orange_County-CA.html">Orange County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="100" height="10"> 0.46% ($46,009 average AGI)</td></tr> <tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Bernardino_County-CA.html">San Bernardino County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="64" height="10"> 0.30% ($37,904)</td></tr> <tr><td>from <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Diego_County-CA.html">San Diego County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="31" height="10"> 0.15% ($41,486)</td></tr> </tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p class="style1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"> 4.58% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($50,578 average adjusted gross income)</p><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Here: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="109" height="10"> 4.58%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 6.27%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><blockquote style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"> 0.06% of residents moved to foreign countries ($782 average AGI)<div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Los Angeles County: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="90" height="10"> 0.06%</td></tr><tr><td>California average: </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg6.gif" border="0" width="150" height="10"> 0.11%</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </blockquote><br />Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:<br /><div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Bernardino_County-CA.html">San Bernardino County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="100" height="10"> 0.64% ($39,463 average AGI)</td></tr> <tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Orange_County-CA.html">Orange County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="93" height="10"> 0.60% ($54,756)</td></tr> <tr><td>to <a href="http://www.city-data.com/county/Riverside_County-CA.html">Riverside County, CA</a> </td><td><img src="http://pics3.city-data.com/sg4.gif" border="0" width="55" height="10"> 0.35% ($50,596)</td></tr> </tbody></table></div><br /><br /><div align="left"><i>Strongest AM radio stations in Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KNX (1070 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KSPN (710 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KABC-AM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KFWB (980 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KBLA (1580 AM; 50 kW; SANTA MONICA, CA)</li><li>KFOX (1650 AM; 10 kW; TORRANCE, CA; Owner: CHAGAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KTYM (1460 AM; 5 kW; INGLEWOOD, CA)</li><li>KABC (790 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KABC-AM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KMPC (1540 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: ROSE CITY RADIO CORPORATION)</li><li>KFI (640 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)</li><li>KWKW (1330 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: LOTUS COMMUNICATIONS CORP.)</li><li>KHJ (930 AM; 5 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: LBI RADIO LICENSE CORP.)</li><li>KLAC (570 AM; 50 kW; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)</li><li>KXMX (1190 AM; 25 kW; ANAHEIM, CA; Owner: NEW INSPIRATION BROADCASTING COMPANY)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <div align="left"><i>Strongest FM radio stations in Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KKBT (100.3 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: RADIO ONE LICENSES, LLC)</li><li>KRTH-FM (101.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KZLA-FM (93.9 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: EMMIS RADIO LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KPWR (105.9 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: EMMIS RADIO LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KLSX (97.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KUSC (91.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA)</li><li>KKLA-FM (99.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: NEW INSPIRATION BROADCASTING CO., INC.)</li><li>KJLH (102.3 FM; COMPTON, CA; Owner: TAXI LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KRCD (103.9 FM; INGLEWOOD, CA; Owner: HBC LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>KCBS-FM (93.1 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)</li><li>KYSR (98.7 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)</li><li>KCRW (89.9 FM; SANTA MONICA, CA; Owner: SANTA MONICA COMM. COLLEGE DISTRICT)</li><li>KSCA (101.9 FM; GLENDALE, CA; Owner: HBC LICENSE CORPORATION)</li><li>K212FA (90.3 FM; TEMPLE CITY, CA; Owner: EDUCATIONAL MEDIA FOUNDATION)</li><li>KLOS (95.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KLOS-FM RADIO, INC.)</li><li>KOST (103.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)</li><li>KLVE (107.5 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KLVE-FM LICENSE CORP.)</li><li>KIIS-FM (102.7 FM; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CITICASTERS LICENSES, L.P.)</li><li>KDLD (103.1 FM; SANTA MONICA, CA; Owner: ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC.)</li><li>KPCC (89.3 FM; PASADENA, CA; Owner: PASADENA AREA COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT)</li></ul> </div> <br /> <div align="left"><i>TV broadcast stations around Lennox:</i><ul class="style1"><li>KTRO-LP (Channel 50; LANCASTER, CA; Owner: ROBERT D. ADELMAN)</li><li>KCBS-TV (Channel 2; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: CBS BROADCASTING INC.)</li><li>KTLA-TV (Channel 5; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: KTLA INC.)</li><li>KABC-TV (Channel 7; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: ABC HOLDING COMPANY, INC.)</li><li>KCAL-TV (Channel 9; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: VIACOM TELEVISION STATIONS GROUP OF LOS ANGELES LLC)</li><li>KNBC (Channel 4; LOS ANGELES, CA; Owner: NBC SUBSIDIARY (KNBC-TV), INC.)</li></ul> </div> <br /><br />FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers: 2<ul><li>4518 Lennox Blvd, Call Sign: KMG359, Licensee ID: L00007682<br />Assigned Frequencies : 154.430 MHz<br />Grant Date: 11/06/2002, Expiration Date: 01/21/2013<br />Registrant: County Of Los Angeles, 1110 N Eastern Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063, Phone: (323) 267-3004, Fax: (323) 262-4607, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="vog.ytnuocal.dsi@noopg"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov">gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov</a> </li><li>4331 Lennox Blvd, Structure height: 23 m, Call Sign: WII821, Licensee ID: L00007682<br />486.462 MHz, 486.487 MHz, 486.512 MHz, 486.537 MHz, 486.562 MHz, 486.587 MHz, 486.612 MHz, 486.637 MHz, 486.662 MHz, 486.687 MHz... (+99 more)<br />Grant Date: 02/16/2005, Expiration Date: 05/09/2015<br />Registrant: County Of Los Angeles, 1110 N Eastern Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063, Phone: (323) 267-3004, Fax: (323) 262-4607, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="vog.ytnuocal.dsi@noopg"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov">gpoon@isd.lacounty.gov</a> </li></ul><br />FCC Registered Microwave Towers: 1<ul><li>TWA, 11102 La Cienega Blvd, Overall height: 12.8 m, Call Sign: WMW988<br />Assigned Frequencies : 10561.2 MHz<br />Grant Date: 01/17/2001, Expiration Date: 02/01/2011<br />Registrant: Verizon Wireless, 1120 Sanctuary Pkwy, #150 Gasa5reg, Alpharetta, GA 30004, Phone: (770) 797-1070, Fax: (770) 797-1036, Email: <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> var em="moc.sseleriwnozirev@yrotaluger.krowten"; var em_=""; for (a=em.length-1;a>=0;a--) em_=em_ + em.charAt(a); document.write ("<a href=\"mailto:"+em_+"\">"+em_+"</a>"); </script><a href="mailto:network.regulatory@verizonwireless.com">network.regulatory@verizonwireless.com</a> </li></ul><br />FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses: 5<ul><li>Call Sign: KD6BSN, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 10/08/1991, Expiration Date: 10/08/2001, Cancelation Date: 10/09/2003<br />Registrant: Ismael Pineda, 4852 W 111th St, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KD6CPC, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 10/29/1991, Expiration Date: 10/29/2001, Cancelation Date: 10/30/2003<br />Registrant: Rodny A Estrada, 4038 W 105 St, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KE6MAS, Previous Call Sign: , Licensee ID: L00908294<br />Grant Date: 08/20/2004, Expiration Date: 09/07/2014, Certifier: Jeffrey S Thompson<br />Registrant: Jeffrey S Thompson, 10937 Grevillea Ave, Lennox, CA 90304-2323</li><li>Call Sign: KF6DOQ, Previous Call Sign:<br />Grant Date: 05/04/1996, Expiration Date: 05/04/2006, Cancelation Date: 05/06/2008<br />Registrant: Celito P Ebiya, 10932 Mansel Ave, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Call Sign: KF6YLA, Previous Call Sign: , Licensee ID: L00138617<br />Grant Date: 08/17/1999, Expiration Date: 08/17/2009, Certifier: Shawn C Thompson<br />Registrant: Shawn C Thompson, 10937 Grevillea Ave, Lennox, CA 90304-2323</li></ul><br /><br />FAA Registered Aircrafts: 2<ul><li>Aircraft: AERONCA 7AC (Fixed wing single engine, Category: Land, Seats: 2, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 90 mph), Engine: CONT MOTOR A&C65 SERIES (65 HP) (Reciprocating)<br />N-Number: 2995E , Serial Number: 7AC6582, Year manufactured: 1946<br />Registrant (Individual): Horace G Brown, 10829 Yukon, Lennox, CA 90304</li><li>Aircraft: FAIRCHILD M-62A (Fixed wing single engine, Category: Land, Seats: 2, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 97 mph), Engine: FAIRCHILD 6-440 SERIES (200 HP) (Reciprocating)<br />N-Number: 67838 , Serial Number: FZ310, Year manufactured: 1943<br />Registrant (Individual): Bob Martin, 10900 Acacia, Lennox, CA 90304</li></ul><br /><br /><br /><a name="HMDA"></a> <style> table.ffiec { width: 100%; background: #6666aa; margin: 20px 0px;} p.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid #6666aa; background:#ffffe0;} h2.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; font-size: 1.2em; text-align: center;} ul.ffiec { margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid #6666aa; background:#ffffe0;} ul.ffiec li{ margin-left: 40px;} .ffiec td {font-size: 0.7em;} .ffiec thead td {font-size: 1em; padding: 10px;} span.ffiec { display: inline-block; margin-top: 10px;} span.ffiec a {color: #2070BB; background: #ccc; margin: 0px 1px; padding:4px 10px; border: 2px solid #aaa; text-decoration: none;} span.ffiec a:hover {background: #ddd;} span.active a {background: #aaa; border: 3px solid #777; font-weight: bold;} span.active a:hover {background: #aaa;} .ffiec th, .ffiec .sHdr {font-weight: bold; background: #FFCCCC; text-align: center;} .ffiec .sHdr {background: #CCCCFF;} .ffiec tr{background:#ffffff;} .ffiec tr.r{background:#ffffe0;} .ffiec td.t { width: 250px; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold;} .ffiec th {font-size: 0.70em} .ffiec thead td {background: #CCCCCC; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;} .ffiecYear {border-bottom: 4px solid #6666aa; padding-bottom: 10px;} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var cH = 'H07'; //--> </script> <table id="H07" style="display: table;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th><br /></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th><br /></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>1</td><td>$74,340</td><td>50</td><td>$300,653</td><td>207</td><td>$314,427</td><td>28</td><td>$258,655</td><td>7</td><td>$581,679</td><td>29</td><td>$348,559</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>28</td><td>$264,834</td><td>55</td><td>$327,967</td><td>10</td><td>$257,854</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$360,229</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>42</td><td>$381,133</td><td>168</td><td>$360,008</td><td>22</td><td>$207,828</td><td>2</td><td>$431,075</td><td>21</td><td>$420,381</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>18</td><td>$331,851</td><td>58</td><td>$365,581</td><td>4</td><td>$275,110</td><td>1</td><td>$991,930</td><td>4</td><td>$352,983</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$419,040</td><td>24</td><td>$339,536</td><td>2</td><td>$281,275</td><td>1</td><td>$123,900</td><td>4</td><td>$389,083</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H06" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="15"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th><th colspan="2">G) Loans On Manufactured<br />Home Dwelling (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>102</td><td>$299,199</td><td>301</td><td>$307,129</td><td>36</td><td>$227,302</td><td>8</td><td>$848,240</td><td>35</td><td>$284,992</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>48</td><td>$301,307</td><td>62</td><td>$314,414</td><td>5</td><td>$233,148</td><td>1</td><td>$377,880</td><td>13</td><td>$323,068</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>60</td><td>$319,081</td><td>172</td><td>$315,798</td><td>36</td><td>$214,731</td><td>1</td><td>$534,690</td><td>23</td><td>$327,471</td><td>1</td><td>$50,180</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>45</td><td>$292,960</td><td>110</td><td>$298,063</td><td>15</td><td>$246,299</td><td>2</td><td>$482,175</td><td>11</td><td>$311,159</td><td>1</td><td>$475,000</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$167,000</td><td>17</td><td>$242,764</td><td>23</td><td>$301,345</td><td>4</td><td>$250,338</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$221,520</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H05" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th><th colspan="2">G) Loans On Manufactured<br />Home Dwelling (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>125</td><td>$250,603</td><td>361</td><td>$250,099</td><td>43</td><td>$217,769</td><td>10</td><td>$772,259</td><td>41</td><td>$275,582</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>44</td><td>$251,942</td><td>86</td><td>$223,658</td><td>9</td><td>$168,388</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>11</td><td>$249,489</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>64</td><td>$239,433</td><td>167</td><td>$237,514</td><td>31</td><td>$177,347</td><td>1</td><td>$482,940</td><td>21</td><td>$271,396</td><td>1</td><td>$61,950</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>34</td><td>$260,801</td><td>140</td><td>$261,260</td><td>16</td><td>$183,837</td><td>1</td><td>$425,600</td><td>14</td><td>$308,239</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>6</td><td>$273,420</td><td>32</td><td>$227,091</td><td>4</td><td>$284,025</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$302,445</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H04" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>132</td><td>$207,649</td><td>333</td><td>$202,042</td><td>40</td><td>$170,096</td><td>9</td><td>$666,850</td><td>49</td><td>$234,318</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>1</td><td>$315,000</td><td>37</td><td>$208,688</td><td>90</td><td>$197,163</td><td>12</td><td>$216,682</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$233,456</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>51</td><td>$215,984</td><td>147</td><td>$202,651</td><td>26</td><td>$133,506</td><td>1</td><td>$847,470</td><td>19</td><td>$200,793</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$335,770</td><td>28</td><td>$191,555</td><td>153</td><td>$209,296</td><td>10</td><td>$105,596</td><td>1</td><td>$83,630</td><td>12</td><td>$219,529</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$172,098</td><td>24</td><td>$196,079</td><td>3</td><td>$192,700</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$190,106</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H03" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$218,209</td><td>106</td><td>$174,101</td><td>428</td><td>$156,322</td><td>4</td><td>$47,523</td><td>9</td><td>$515,419</td><td>51</td><td>$162,175</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$220,560</td><td>22</td><td>$174,782</td><td>86</td><td>$170,264</td><td>1</td><td>$25,000</td><td>1</td><td>$300,000</td><td>17</td><td>$170,279</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>6</td><td>$251,925</td><td>45</td><td>$171,236</td><td>169</td><td>$158,358</td><td>11</td><td>$42,415</td><td>4</td><td>$347,425</td><td>23</td><td>$173,642</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$237,120</td><td>20</td><td>$207,701</td><td>139</td><td>$169,632</td><td>8</td><td>$36,991</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>16</td><td>$141,972</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>2</td><td>$256,000</td><td>3</td><td>$121,750</td><td>10</td><td>$139,548</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$481,570</td><td>4</td><td>$162,503</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H02" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>11</td><td>$192,644</td><td>28</td><td>$150,174</td><td>114</td><td>$146,333</td><td>2</td><td>$25,300</td><td>6</td><td>$264,977</td><td>13</td><td>$168,458</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>4</td><td>$198,608</td><td>7</td><td>$175,780</td><td>24</td><td>$131,885</td><td>1</td><td>$38,190</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$99,705</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>3</td><td>$226,187</td><td>13</td><td>$127,254</td><td>48</td><td>$132,144</td><td>4</td><td>$7,980</td><td>1</td><td>$180,890</td><td>3</td><td>$130,437</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>2</td><td>$190,205</td><td>6</td><td>$184,245</td><td>47</td><td>$156,500</td><td>1</td><td>$3,820</td><td>1</td><td>$189,570</td><td>2</td><td>$112,665</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>14</td><td>$142,446</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$191,430</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H01" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>14</td><td>$162,104</td><td>16</td><td>$113,928</td><td>72</td><td>$136,735</td><td>3</td><td>$63,743</td><td>2</td><td>$310,060</td><td>8</td><td>$128,741</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>5</td><td>$103,778</td><td>11</td><td>$152,408</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$196,770</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>5</td><td>$209,000</td><td>23</td><td>$110,417</td><td>44</td><td>$130,517</td><td>9</td><td>$35,973</td><td>1</td><td>$280,010</td><td>3</td><td>$115,237</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>4</td><td>$147,080</td><td>8</td><td>$144,041</td><td>20</td><td>$164,383</td><td>1</td><td>$33,420</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$130,445</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$231,690</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$118,319</td><td>2</td><td>$9,060</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$83,630</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H00" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>22</td><td>$150,418</td><td>17</td><td>$127,606</td><td>22</td><td>$98,378</td><td>2</td><td>$9,035</td><td>4</td><td>$193,440</td><td>3</td><td>$119,027</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$167,920</td><td>4</td><td>$106,653</td><td>4</td><td>$113,193</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$112,750</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>4</td><td>$175,355</td><td>11</td><td>$102,216</td><td>24</td><td>$95,046</td><td>4</td><td>$39,230</td><td>1</td><td>$419,400</td><td>2</td><td>$170,955</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$101,600</td><td>3</td><td>$123,307</td><td>11</td><td>$72,799</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$76,820</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>4</td><td>$153,345</td><td>3</td><td>$44,113</td><td>16</td><td>$123,720</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$141,170</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="H99" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="13"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999<br /><small><i>(Based on 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">C) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">D) Home Improvement Loans<br /></th><th colspan="2">E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families<br /></th><th colspan="2">F) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>38</td><td>$152,525</td><td>37</td><td>$117,069</td><td>97</td><td>$110,470</td><td>21</td><td>$13,113</td><td>3</td><td>$555,843</td><td>17</td><td>$105,727</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>5</td><td>$143,528</td><td>4</td><td>$122,515</td><td>29</td><td>$119,590</td><td>6</td><td>$18,505</td><td>2</td><td>$854,565</td><td>3</td><td>$111,007</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>9</td><td>$150,043</td><td>14</td><td>$114,246</td><td>94</td><td>$112,162</td><td>13</td><td>$21,463</td><td>2</td><td>$516,400</td><td>13</td><td>$119,178</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>5</td><td>$149,558</td><td>14</td><td>$129,319</td><td>47</td><td>$105,683</td><td>1</td><td>$13,060</td><td>2</td><td>$501,940</td><td>8</td><td>$124,885</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>2</td><td>$109,695</td><td>3</td><td>$94,843</td><td>33</td><td>$117,068</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>8</td><td>$106,488</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="ffiecYear"><b>Choose year: </b><span class="ffiec active" id="nH07"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H07");'>2007</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH06"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H06");'>2006</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH05"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H05");'>2005</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH04"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H04");'>2004</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH03"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H03");'>2003</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH02"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H02");'>2002</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH01"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H01");'>2001</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH00"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H00");'>2000</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nH99"><a href='javascript:Sw("cH","H99");'>1999</a></span> </div> <br />See detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-01-California.html#HMDA">6015.01</a> , <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-02-California.html#HMDA">6015.02</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6016-00-California.html#HMDA">6016.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6017-00-California.html#HMDA">6017.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Inglewood-6018-01-California.html#HMDA">6018.01</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#HMDA">6018.02</a><br /><br /><a name="PMIC"></a> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var cP = 'P07'; //--> </script> <table id="P07" style="display: table;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7">Private Mortgage Insurance Companies Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th><br /></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th><br /></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>3</td><td>$418,220</td><td>5</td><td>$438,570</td><td>1</td><td>$314,530</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$503,765</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$469,645</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$297,580</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$447,000</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P06" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="5"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>1</td><td>$327,810</td><td>3</td><td>$403,737</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P05" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>4</td><td>$288,608</td><td>5</td><td>$301,396</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$234,955</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$302,195</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$302,195</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$288,130</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P04" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$278,439</td><td>4</td><td>$226,525</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$241,800</td><td>4</td><td>$253,928</td><td>1</td><td>$262,570</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$192,660</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$317,950</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$301,000</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P03" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003<br /><small><i>(Based on 2 full and 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>21</td><td>$219,869</td><td>12</td><td>$165,286</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>4</td><td>$136,175</td><td>2</td><td>$146,085</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>1</td><td>$172,080</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$172,080</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$131,160</td><td>2</td><td>$157,095</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P02" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>15</td><td>$169,639</td><td>6</td><td>$164,790</td><td>2</td><td>$171,385</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$156,115</td><td>3</td><td>$147,040</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>1</td><td>$159,210</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$159,210</td><td>1</td><td>$132,570</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>1</td><td>$138,770</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P01" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>9</td><td>$135,288</td><td>8</td><td>$156,034</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>2</td><td>$75,180</td><td>1</td><td>$131,760</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$173,225</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$190,960</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P00" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000<br /><small><i>(Based on 1 full and 1 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>13</td><td>$160,575</td><td>5</td><td>$134,936</td><td>1</td><td>$76,200</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>3</td><td>$135,223</td><td>1</td><td>$171,860</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$80,225</td><td>1</td><td>$140,360</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table id="P99" style="display: none;" class="ffiec"> <thead><tr><td colspan="7"> Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999<br /><small><i>(Based on 4 partial tracts)</i></small> </td></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">A) Conventional<br />Home Purchase Loans</th><th colspan="2">B) Refinancings<br /></th><th colspan="2">C) Non-occupant Loans on<br />< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B)</th></tr> <tr><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th><th>Number</th><th>Average Value</th></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">LOANS ORIGINATED</td><td>11</td><td>$121,088</td><td>17</td><td>$151,895</td><td>1</td><td>$67,950</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>2</td><td>$137,810</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">APPLICATIONS DENIED</td><td>2</td><td>$184,015</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr><td class="t">APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN</td><td>1</td><td>$174,120</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> <tr class="r"><td class="t">FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td><td>1</td><td>$204,220</td><td>0</td><td>$0</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="ffiecYear"><b>Choose year: </b><span class="ffiec active" id="nP07"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P07");'>2007</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP06"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P06");'>2006</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP05"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P05");'>2005</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP04"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P04");'>2004</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP03"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P03");'>2003</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP02"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P02");'>2002</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP01"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P01");'>2001</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP00"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P00");'>2000</a></span> <span class="ffiec" id="nP99"><a href='javascript:Sw("cP","P99");'>1999</a></span> </div> <br />See detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#PMIC">6015.01</a> , <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6015-02-California.html#PMIC">6015.02</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6016-00-California.html#PMIC">6016.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6017-00-California.html#PMIC">6017.00</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Inglewood-6018-01-California.html#PMIC">6018.01</a>, <a href="http://www.city-data.com/loans/loans-Lennox-6018-02-California.html#PMIC">6018.02</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-28924214397287660792009-05-19T01:38:00.000-07:002009-05-19T01:41:47.010-07:00pemilu<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Pemilihan umum</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</h3> <div id="contentSub">(Dialihkan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu&redirect=no" title="Pemilu">Pemilu</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Langsung ke: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu#column-one">navigasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu#searchInput">cari</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox" style="" align="right"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan</a><br /></th> </tr> <tr style="font-size: 75%;" align="left"> <td> <p>Seri ini adalah bagian dari<br />seri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">Politik</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%;" align="left"> <td> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psefologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psefologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Psefologi</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_pemungutan_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem pemungutan suara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem elektoral</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kritik_terhadap_elektoralisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik terhadap elektoralisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik terhadap elektoralisme</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kecurangan_dalam_pemilihan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kecurangan dalam pemilihan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kecurangan dalam pemilihan</a></li><li><strong class="selflink">Pemilihan umum</strong></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_lokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu lokal (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu lokal</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_paruh_waktu" title="Pemilu paruh waktu">Pemilu paruh waktu</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_sela" title="Pemilu sela">Pemilu sela</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_dengan_jadwal_tetap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu dengan jadwal tetap (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu dengan jadwal tetap</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_tak_langsung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu tak langsung (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu tak langsung</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat_suara_rahasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat suara rahasia (halaman belum tersedia)">Surat suara rahasia</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_palsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu palsu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu palsu</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hak_memilih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak memilih (halaman belum tersedia)">Hak memilih</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralisme" title="Pluralisme">Pluralisme</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_menurut_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu menurut negara (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu menurut negara</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalender_pemilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalender pemilu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu menurut tanggal</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebisit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plebisit (halaman belum tersedia)">Plebisit</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendistrikan_ulang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendistrikan ulang (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendistrikan ulang</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manipulasi_pendistrikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manipulasi pendistrikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Manipulasi pendistrikan</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_politik" title="Partai politik">Partai politik</a></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik">Portal Politik</a></b> • <small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Elections&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Elections&action=edit" rel="nofollow">sunting</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pemilihan Umum</b> (<b>Pemilu</b>) adalah suatu proses di mana para pemilih memilih orang-orang untuk mengisi jabatan-jabatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a> tertentu. Jabatan-jabatan yang disini beraneka-ragam, mulai dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden" title="Presiden">Presiden</a>, wakil rakyat di pelbagai tingkat pemerintahan, sampai kepala desa. Pada konteks yang lebih luas, Pemilu dapat juga berarti proses mengisi jabatan-jabatan seperti ketua OSIS atau ketua kelas, walaupun untuk ini kata 'pemilihan' lebih sering digunakan.Sistem pemilu digunakan adalah asas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luber" title="Luber" class="mw-redirect">luber</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurdil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurdil (halaman belum tersedia)">jurdil</a></p> <p>Dalam Pemilu, para pemilih dalam Pemilu juga disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstituen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstituen (halaman belum tersedia)">konstituen</a>, dan kepada merekalah para peserta Pemilu menawarkan janji-janji dan program-programnya pada masa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye" title="Kampanye">kampanye</a>. Kampanye dilakukan selama waktu yang telah ditentukan, menjelang hari pemungutan suara.</p> <p>Setelah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemungutan_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemungutan suara (halaman belum tersedia)">pemungutan suara</a> dilakukan, proses penghitungan dimulai. Pemenang Pemilu ditentukan oleh aturan main atau sistem penentuan pemenang yang sebelumnya telah ditetapkan dan disetujui oleh para peserta, dan disosialisasikan ke para pemilih.</p><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Pemilihan umum di Indonesia</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</h3> <div id="contentSub">(Dialihkan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_di_Indonesia&redirect=no" title="Pemilu di Indonesia">Pemilu di Indonesia</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Langsung ke: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#column-one">navigasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#searchInput">cari</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Garuda_Pancasila,_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Garuda Pancasila, Coat Arms of Indonesia.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg/110px-Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg.png" border="0" width="110" height="120" /></a><br /><p><small>Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri:</small><br /><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Indonesia" title="Politik Indonesia">Politik dan pemerintahan<br />Indonesia</a></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila" title="Pancasila">Pancasila</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Dasar_Republik_Indonesia_1945" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945">Undang Undang Dasar 1945</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksekutif" title="Eksekutif">Eksekutif</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">Presiden</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Daftar Presiden Indonesia">Daftar</a>)</li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">Wakil Presiden</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Daftar Wakil Presiden Indonesia">Daftar</a>)</li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Permusyawaratan_Rakyat" title="Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Daerah" title="Dewan Perwakilan Daerah">Dewan Perwakilan Daerah</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehakiman" title="Kehakiman">Yudikatif</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan_kehakiman_di_Indonesia" title="Kekuasaan kehakiman di Indonesia">Kehakiman</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Indonesia" title="Mahkamah Agung Indonesia">Mahkamah Agung</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Konstitusi_Indonesia" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia">Mahkamah Konsitusi</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi_Yudisial_Indonesia" title="Komisi Yudisial Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Komisi Yudisial RI</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuangan" title="Keuangan">Pengawasan keuangan</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Pemeriksa_Keuangan" title="Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan">Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_lembaga_pemerintahan_Indonesia" title="Daftar lembaga pemerintahan Indonesia">Lembaga pemerintahan</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Indonesia" title="Kementerian Indonesia">Kementerian</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Pemerintah_Non_Departemen" title="Lembaga Pemerintah Non Departemen">Lembaga non departemen</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_ekstra_struktural" title="Lembaga ekstra struktural">Lembaga ekstra struktural</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_independen" title="Lembaga independen">Lembaga independen</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Daerah" title="Pemerintahan Daerah">Pemerintahan daerah</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwakilan_Republik_Indonesia_di_Luar_Negeri" title="Perwakilan Republik Indonesia di Luar Negeri">Perwakilan di luar negeri</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_partai_politik_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar partai politik di Indonesia">Partai politik</a></li><li><strong class="selflink">Pemilihan umum</strong></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5px; font-size: 95%;" align="right"> <hr /> <small><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Politik_menurut_negara" title="Kategori:Politik menurut negara">Negara lain</a></small><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <small><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></small><br /> <b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik">Portal politik</a></b><br /><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Templat:Politics of Indonesia"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Politics of Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Bicarakan templat ini">bicara</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat menyunting templat ini. Tolong gunakan pratayang sebelum menyimpan suntingan">sunting</span></a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pemilihan umum (pemilu) di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> pada awalnya ditujukan untuk memilih anggota lembaga perwakilan, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPR" title="DPR" class="mw-redirect">DPR</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Provinsi" title="DPRD Provinsi" class="mw-redirect">DPRD Provinsi</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kabupaten" title="DPRD Kabupaten" class="mw-redirect">DPRD Kabupaten</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kota" title="DPRD Kota" class="mw-redirect">Kota</a>. Setelah amandemen keempat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUD_1945" title="UUD 1945" class="mw-redirect">UUD 1945</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>, pemilihan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">presiden</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">wakil presiden</a> (pilpres), yang semula dilakukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPR" title="MPR" class="mw-redirect">MPR</a>, disepakati untuk dilakukan langsung oleh rakyat sehingga pilpres pun dimasukkan ke dalam rezim pemilu. Pilpres sebagai bagian dari pemilu diadakan pertama kali pada Pemilu 2004. Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2007, pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah (pilkada) juga dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari rezim pemilu. Di tengah masyarakat, istilah "pemilu" lebih sering merujuk kepada pemilu legislatif dan pemilu presiden dan wakil presiden yang diadakan setiap 5 tahun sekali.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">sembunyikan</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Asas"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Asas</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1955"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1955</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1971"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1971</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1977-1997"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1977-1997</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1999"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1999</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2004"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2004</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2009"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2009</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2004_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2004</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2009_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2009</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Lihat_pula"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pranala_luar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Asas" id="Asas"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Asas">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Asas</span></h2> <p>Pemilihan umum di Indonesia menganut asas "Luber" yang merupakan singkatan dari "Langsung, Umum, Bebas dan Rahasia". Asal "Luber" sudah ada sejak zaman <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru" class="mw-redirect">Orde Baru</a>. Langsung berarti pemilih diharuskan memberikan suaranya secara langsung dan tidak boleh diwakikan. Umum berarti pemilihan umum dapat diikuti seluruh warga negara yang sudah memiliki hak menggunakan suara. Bebas berarti pemilih diharuskan memberikan suaranya tanpa ada paksaan dari pihak manapun, kemudian Rahasia berarti suara yang diberikan oleh pemilih bersifat rahasia hanya diketahui oleh si pemilih itu sendiri.</p> <p>Kemudian di era reformasi berkembang pula asas "Jurdil" yang merupakan singkatan dari "Jujur dan Adil". Asas jujur mengandung arti bahwa pemilihan umum harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan aturan untuk memastikan bahwa setiap warga negara yang memiliki hak dapat memilih sesuai dengan kehendaknya dan setiap suara pemilih memiliki nilai yang sama untuk menentukan wakil rakyat yang akan terpilih. Asas adil adalah perlakuan yang sama terhadap peserta pemilu dan pemilih, tanpa ada pengistimewaan ataupun diskriminasi terhadap peserta atau pemilih tertentu. Asas jujur dan adil mengikat tidak hanya kepada pemilih ataupun peserta pemilu, tetapi juga penyelenggara pemilu.</p> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD</span></h2> <p>Sepanjang sejarah Republik Indonesia, telah terjadi 9 kali pemilu anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD, yaitu pada tahun 1955, 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, dan 2009 (pemilu legislatif).</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1955" id="Pemilu_1955"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1955">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1955</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_Konstituante_Indonesia_1955" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan Konstituante Indonesia 1955">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan Konstituante Indonesia 1955</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu pertama dilangsungkan pada tahun 1955 dan bertujuan untuk memilih anggota-anggota DPR dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstituante" title="Konstituante">Konstituante</a>. Pemilu ini seringkali disebut dengan Pemilu 1955, dan dipersiapkan di bawah pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Ali Sastroamidjojo. Namun, Ali Sastroamidjojo mengundurkan diri dan pada saat pemungutan suara, kepala pemerintahan telah dipegang oleh Perdana Menteri Burhanuddin Harahap.</p> <p>Sesuai tujuannya, Pemilu 1955 ini dibagi menjadi dua tahap, yaitu:</p> <ul><li>Tahap pertama adalah Pemilu untuk memilih anggota DPR. Tahap ini diselenggarakan pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_September" title="29 September">29 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>, dan diikuti oleh 29 partai politik dan individu,</li><li>Tahap kedua adalah Pemilu untuk memilih anggota Konstituante. Tahap ini diselenggarakan pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Desember" title="15 Desember">15 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>.</li></ul> <p>Lima besar dalam Pemilu ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Partai Nasional Indonesia">Partai Nasional Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyumi" title="Masyumi" class="mw-redirect">Masyumi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Indonesia" title="Partai Komunis Indonesia">Partai Komunis Indonesia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partai_Syarikat_Islam_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1971" id="Pemilu_1971"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1971">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1971</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1971" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1971">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1971</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu berikutnya diselenggarakan pada tahun 1971, tepatnya pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Juli" title="5 Juli">5 Juli</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>. Pemilu ini adalah Pemilu pertama setelah orde baru, dan diikuti oleh 10 partai politik.</p> <p>Lima besar dalam Pemilu ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parmusi (halaman belum tersedia)">Parmusi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Partai Nasional Indonesia">Partai Nasional Indonesia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partai_Syarikat_Islam_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia</a>.</p> <p>Pada tahun 1975, melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Nomor_3_Tahun_1975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1975 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1975 tentang Partai Politik dan Golkar</a>, diadakanlah fusi (penggabungan) partai-partai politik, menjadi hanya dua partai politik (yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan" title="Partai Persatuan Pembangunan">Partai Persatuan Pembangunan</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia</a>) dan satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1977-1997" id="Pemilu_1977-1997"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1977-1997">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1977-1997</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1977" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1977">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1977</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1982" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1982">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1982</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1987" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1987">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1987</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1992" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1992">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1992</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1997" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1997">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1997</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu-Pemilu berikutnya dilangsungkan pada tahun 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, dan 1997. Pemilu-Pemilu ini diselenggarakan dibawah pemerintahan Presiden <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a>. Pemilu-Pemilu ini seringkali disebut dengan "Pemilu Orde Baru". Sesuai peraturan Fusi Partai Politik tahun 1975, Pemilu-Pemilu tersebut hanya diikuti dua partai politik dan satu Golongan Karya. Pemilu-Pemilu tersebut kesemuanya dimenangkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1999" id="Pemilu_1999"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1999">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1999</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1999" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1999">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1999</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu berikutnya, sekaligus Pemilu pertama setelah runtuhnya orde baru, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_1999" title="Pemilu 1999" class="mw-redirect">Pemilu 1999</a> dilangsungkan pada tahun 1999 (tepatnya pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Juni" title="7 Juni">7 Juni</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>) di bawah pemerintahan Presiden <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ_Habibie" title="BJ Habibie" class="mw-redirect">BJ Habibie</a> dan diikuti oleh 48 partai politik.</p> <p>Lima besar Pemilu 1999 adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Golkar" title="Partai Golkar" class="mw-redirect">Partai Golkar</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan" title="Partai Persatuan Pembangunan">Partai Persatuan Pembangunan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Bangsa" title="Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa">Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Amanat_Nasional" title="Partai Amanat Nasional">Partai Amanat Nasional</a>.</p> <p>Walaupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan</a> meraih suara terbanyak (dengan perolehan suara sekitar 35 persen), yang diangkat menjadi presiden bukanlah calon dari partai itu, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Soekarnoputri" title="Megawati Soekarnoputri">Megawati Soekarnoputri</a>, melainkan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Bangsa" title="Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa">Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa</a>, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a> (Pada saat itu, Megawati hanya menjadi calon presiden). Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk terjadi karena Pemilu 1999 hanya bertujuan untuk memilih anggota MPR, DPR, dan DPRD, sementara pemilihan presiden dan wakilnya dilakukan oleh anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPR" title="MPR" class="mw-redirect">MPR</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2004" id="Pemilu_2004"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2004">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2004</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR,_DPD,_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_2004" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2004">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2004</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pada Pemilu 2004, selain memilih anggota DPR, DPRD Provinsi, dan DPRD Kabupaten/Kota, rakyat juga dapat memilih anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPD" title="DPD" class="mw-redirect">DPD</a>, suatu lembaga perwakilan baru yang ditujukan untuk mewakili kepentingan daerah.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2009" id="Pemilu_2009"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2009">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2009</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR,_DPD,_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_2009" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2009">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2009</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden</span></h2> <p>Pemilihan umum presiden dan wakil presiden (pilpres) pertama kali diadakan dalam Pemilu 2004.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2004_2" id="Pemilu_2004_2"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2004">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2004</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2004" title="Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2004">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2004</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu 2004 merupakan pemilu pertama di mana para peserta dapat memilih langsung presiden dan wakil presiden pilihan mereka. Pemenang pilpres 2004 adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>. Pilpres ini dilangsungkan dalam dua putaran, karena tidak ada pasangan calon yang berhasil mendapatkan suara lebih dari 50%. Putaran kedua digunakan untuk memilih presiden yang diwarnai persaingan antara Yudhoyono dan Megawati yang akhirnya dimenangi oleh pasangan Yudhoyono-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Kalla" title="Jusuf Kalla" class="mw-redirect">Jusuf Kalla</a>.</p> <p>Pergantian kekuasaan berlangsung mulus dan merupakan sejarah bagi Indonesia yang belum pernah mengalami pergantian kekuasaan tanpa huru-hara. Satu-satunya cacat pada pergantian kekuasaan ini adalah tidak hadirnya Megawati pada upacara pelantikan Yudhoyono sebagai presiden.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2009_2" id="Pemilu_2009_2"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2009">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2009</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009" title="Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden diusulkan oleh partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 2009. Pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang mendapatkan suara lebih dari 50% dari jumlah suara dalam pemilihan umum dengan sedikitnya 20% suara di setiap provinsi yang tersebar di lebih dari setengah jumlah provinsi di Indonesia, dilantik menjadi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Untuk dapat mengusulkan , partai politik atau koalisi partai politik harus mendapatkan 25 % suara sah nasional atau 20 % kursi DPR . Apabila tidak ada pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih, dua pasangan calon yang memperoleh suara terbanyak pertama dan kedua dalam pemilihan umum dipilih oleh rakyat secara langsung dan pasangan yang memperoleh suara rakyat terbanyak dilantik sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden 2009 akan diadakan sekitar tanggal 8 Juli 2009.</p> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah" title="Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilihan umum kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah (pilkada) menjadi bagian dari rezim pemilu sejak 2007. Pilkada pertama di Indonesia adalah Pilkada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Kutai_Kartanegara" title="Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara">Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara</a> pada 1 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juni_2005" title="Juni 2005">Juni 2005</a>.</p> <p><a name="Lihat_pula" id="Lihat_pula"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat pula</span></h2>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-24128160653313032862009-05-19T01:34:00.000-07:002009-05-19T01:37:59.829-07:00<img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/kom5/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/kom5/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" />Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-6725267050434496282009-05-18T03:19:00.002-07:002009-05-18T03:21:00.065-07:00Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009<p><b>Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia pada tahun 2009</b> diselenggarakan untuk memilih <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">Presiden</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Wakil Presiden</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> periode <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>. Pemungutan suara dijadwalkan berlangsung pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Juli" title="8 Juli">8 Juli</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> secara serentak di seluruh Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">sembunyikan</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Sistem"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sistem</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Persyaratan_pendaftar_kandidat_Presiden_RI_dan_kandidat_Wakil_presiden_RI"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Persyaratan pendaftar kandidat Presiden RI dan kandidat Wakil presiden RI</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Kandidat_Presiden_dan_Wakil_presiden"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Kandidat Presiden dan Wakil presiden</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Kampanye"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kampanye</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Platform"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Platform</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Jadwal"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Jadwal</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Nominasi"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nominasi</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Presiden_dan_Wakil_presiden"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presiden dan Wakil presiden</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Menteri_negara"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Menteri negara</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Survei"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Survei</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Lihat_pula"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Pranala_luar"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#Catatan_kaki"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan kaki</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Sistem" id="Sistem"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Sistem</span></h2> <p>Pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden diusulkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_politik_di_Indonesia" title="Partai politik di Indonesia">partai politik</a> atau gabungan partai politik peserta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR,_DPD,_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_2009#Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2009">Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 2009</a> yang memperoleh minimal 20% dari jumlah kursi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat">DPR</a> atau 25% dari jumlah suara sah nasional. Pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden yang mendapatkan suara lebih dari 50% dari jumlah suara dalam pemilihan umum dengan sedikitnya 20% suara di setiap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi" title="Provinsi">provinsi</a> yang tersebar di lebih dari setengah jumlah provinsi di Indonesia, dilantik menjadi presiden dan wakil presiden. Apabila tidak ada pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden terpilih, 2 pasangan calon yang memperoleh suara terbanyak pertama dan kedua dalam pemilihan umum dipilih oleh rakyat secara langsung dan pasangan yang memperoleh suara rakyat terbanyak dilantik sebagai presiden dan wakil presiden. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Persyaratan_pendaftar_kandidat_Presiden_RI_dan_kandidat_Wakil_presiden_RI" id="Persyaratan_pendaftar_kandidat_Presiden_RI_dan_kandidat_Wakil_presiden_RI"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Persyaratan pendaftar kandidat Presiden RI dan kandidat Wakil presiden RI</span></h3> <ol><li>kartu tanda penduduk dan akta kelahiran Warga Negara Indonesia;</li><li>surat keterangan catatan kepolisian dari Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia;</li><li>surat keterangan kesehatan dari rumah sakit Pemerintah yang ditunjuk oleh KPU;</li><li>surat tanda terima atau bukti penyampaian laporan harta kekayaan pribadi kepada Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK);</li><li>surat keterangan tidak sedang dalam keadaan pailit dan/atau tidak memiliki tanggungan utang yang dikeluarkan oleh pengadilan negeri;</li><li>fotokopi nomor pokok wajib pajak (NPWP) dan tanda bukti pengiriman atau penerimaan Surat Pemberitahuan Tahunan Pajak Penghasilan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi selama 5 (lima) tahun terakhir;</li><li>daftar riwayat hidup, profil singkat, dan rekam jejak setiap bakal calon;</li><li>surat pernyataan belum pernah menjabat sebagai Presiden atau Wakil Presiden selama 2 (dua) kali masa jabatan dalam jabatan yang sama;</li><li>surat pernyataan setia kepada Pancasila sebagai dasar negara, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, dan cita-cita Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945 sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;</li><li>surat keterangan dari pengadilan negeri yang menyatakan bahwa setiap bakal calon tidak pernah dijatuhi pidana penjara berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap karena melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara 5 (lima) tahun atau lebih;</li><li>bukti kelulusan berupa fotokopi ijazah, STTB, syahadah, sertifikat, atau surat keterangan lain yang dilegalisasi oleh satuan pendidikan atau program pendidikan menengah;</li><li>surat keterangan tidak terlibat organisasi terlarang dan G.30.S/PKI dari kepolisian; dan</li><li>surat pernyataan bermeterai cukup tentang kesediaan yang bersangkutan diusulkan sebagai bakal calon Presiden dan bakal calon Wakil Presiden secara berpasangan.</li></ol> <p><a name="Kandidat_Presiden_dan_Wakil_presiden" id="Kandidat_Presiden_dan_Wakil_presiden"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Kandidat Presiden dan Wakil presiden</span></h2> <p>Berikut adalah kandidat presiden dan wakil presiden yang telah mendaftarkan keikutsertaannya dalam Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden tahun 2009 hingga batas akhir 16 Mei 2009. Penetapan para peserta diadakan pada tanggal 9 Juni 2009 oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU).</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. urut pasangan pendaftaran</th> <th width="200">Kandidat Presiden</th> <th width="200">Kandidat wakil presiden</th> <th width="300">Slogan</th> <th width="400">Partai politik pengusul</th> <th width="50">kursi DPR (%)</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Fotowapresdn.jpg" class="image" title="Fotowapresdn.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fotowapresdn.jpg/80px-Fotowapresdn.jpg" border="0" width="80" height="100" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jusuf_Kalla" title="Muhammad Jusuf Kalla">Muhammad Jusuf Kalla</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Wiranto1.jpg" class="image" title="Wiranto1.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/c4/Wiranto1.jpg/72px-Wiranto1.jpg" border="0" width="72" height="100" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a></td> <td>JK-WIN<br />"Lebih Cepat Lebih Baik"</td> <td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Golongan_Karya" title="Partai Golongan Karya">Partai Golkar</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Hati_Nurani_Rakyat" title="Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat">Partai Hanura</a></td> <td>22,32</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Megawati2.jpg" class="image" title="Megawati2.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Megawati2.jpg/78px-Megawati2.jpg" border="0" width="78" height="99" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Soekarnoputri" title="Megawati Soekarnoputri">Megawati Soekarnoputri</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Prabowo_subianto.jpg" class="image" title="Prabowo subianto.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/9/98/Prabowo_subianto.jpg/75px-Prabowo_subianto.jpg" border="0" width="75" height="100" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Soebianto" title="Prabowo Soebianto">Prabowo Soebianto</a></td> <td>Mega Pro</td> <td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan">PDIP</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Gerakan_Indonesia_Raya" title="Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya">Partai Gerindra</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Nasional_Ulama" title="Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama">PKNU</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kedaulatan" title="Partai Kedaulatan">Partai Kedaulatan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Karya_Perjuangan" title="Partai Karya Perjuangan">Partai Karya Perjuangan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Indonesia_Marhaenisme" title="Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme">PNI Marhaenisme</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Buruh" title="Partai Buruh">Partai Buruh</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Sarikat_Indonesia" title="Partai Sarikat Indonesia">PSI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Merdeka" title="Partai Merdeka">Partai Merdeka</a></td> <td>21,61</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Fotopresdn.jpg" class="image" title="Fotopresdn.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fotopresdn.jpg/80px-Fotopresdn.jpg" border="0" width="80" height="100" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Boediono.jpg" class="image" title="Boediono.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/56/Boediono.jpg/78px-Boediono.jpg" border="0" width="78" height="100" /></a><br /><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a></td> <td>SBY-Boediono<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrat" title="Partai Demokrat">Partai Demokrat</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Keadilan_Sejahtera" title="Partai Keadilan Sejahtera">PKS</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Amanat_Nasional" title="Partai Amanat Nasional">PAN</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan" title="Partai Persatuan Pembangunan">PPP</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Bangsa" title="Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa">PKB</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Bulan_Bintang" title="Partai Bulan Bintang">PBB</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Damai_Sejahtera" title="Partai Damai Sejahtera">PDS</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Karya_Peduli_Bangsa" title="Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa">PKPB</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Bintang_Reformasi" title="Partai Bintang Reformasi">PBR</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Peduli_Rakyat_Nasional" title="Partai Peduli Rakyat Nasional">PPRN</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Keadilan_dan_Persatuan_Indonesia" title="Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia">PKPI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Pembaruan" title="Partai Demokrasi Pembaruan">PDP</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Pengusaha_dan_Pekerja_Indonesia" title="Partai Pengusaha dan Pekerja Indonesia">PPPI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Republika_Nusantara" title="Partai Republika Nusantara">Partai RepublikaN</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Patriot" title="Partai Patriot">Partai Patriot</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Benteng_Kerakyatan_Indonesia" title="Partai Nasional Benteng Kerakyatan Indonesia">PNBKI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Matahari_Bangsa" title="Partai Matahari Bangsa">PMB</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Pemuda_Indonesia" title="Partai Pemuda Indonesia">PPI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Pelopor" title="Partai Pelopor">Partai Pelopor</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kasih_Demokrasi_Indonesia" title="Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia">PKDI</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Indonesia_Sejahtera" title="Partai Indonesia Sejahtera">PIS</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Perjuangan_Indonesia_Baru" title="Partai Perjuangan Indonesia Baru">Partai PIB</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Penegak_Demokrasi_Indonesia" title="Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia">Partai PDI</a></td> <td>56,07</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Kampanye" id="Kampanye"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Kampanye</span></h2> <p><a name="Platform" id="Platform"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Platform</span></h3> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th>Isu-isu</th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jusuf_Kalla" title="Muhammad Jusuf Kalla">Muhammad Jusuf Kalla</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a></th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Soekarnoputri" title="Megawati Soekarnoputri">Megawati Soekarnoputri</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto" class="mw-redirect">Prabowo Subianto</a></th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrasi" title="Kleptokrasi">Pemberantasan Korupsi</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesejahteraan_sosial" title="Kesejahteraan sosial">Agenda yang berkaitan dengan kesejahteraan rakyat</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi">Tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">Penegakan demokrasi yang bermartabat, bermanfaat dan beretika</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan" title="Kekuasaan">Penegakan hukum</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangunan_berkelanjutan" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">Pembangunan yang adil dan merata</a></th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Jadwal" id="Jadwal"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Jadwal</span></h3> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th>Putaran (*)</th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jusuf_Kalla" title="Muhammad Jusuf Kalla">Muhammad Jusuf Kalla</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a></th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Soekarnoputri" title="Megawati Soekarnoputri">Megawati Soekarnoputri</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto" class="mw-redirect">Prabowo Subianto</a></th> <th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a><br />dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Pertama<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Kedua<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Ketiga<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Keempat<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Kelima<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Keenam<br />Wilayah /TGL</th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>(*) Kampanye para kandidat mulai 12 Juni 2009 hingga 4 Juli 2009 dalam bentuk rapat umum mulai pukul 09.00 WIB hingga pukul 16.00 WIB, sedangkan debat, direncanakan digelar malam hari usai kampanye rapat umum serta disiarkan secara langsung secara nasional. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup></p>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-73285426582938079032009-05-18T03:19:00.001-07:002009-05-18T03:19:38.853-07:00pemilu<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Pemilihan umum di Indonesia</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</h3> <div id="contentSub">(Dialihkan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_di_Indonesia&redirect=no" title="Pemilu di Indonesia">Pemilu di Indonesia</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Langsung ke: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#column-one">navigasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#searchInput">cari</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Garuda_Pancasila,_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Garuda Pancasila, Coat Arms of Indonesia.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg/110px-Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg.png" border="0" width="110" height="120" /></a><br /><p><small>Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri:</small><br /><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Indonesia" title="Politik Indonesia">Politik dan pemerintahan<br />Indonesia</a></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila" title="Pancasila">Pancasila</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Dasar_Republik_Indonesia_1945" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945">Undang Undang Dasar 1945</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksekutif" title="Eksekutif">Eksekutif</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">Presiden</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Daftar Presiden Indonesia">Daftar</a>)</li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">Wakil Presiden</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Daftar Wakil Presiden Indonesia">Daftar</a>)</li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Permusyawaratan_Rakyat" title="Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Daerah" title="Dewan Perwakilan Daerah">Dewan Perwakilan Daerah</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehakiman" title="Kehakiman">Yudikatif</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan_kehakiman_di_Indonesia" title="Kekuasaan kehakiman di Indonesia">Kehakiman</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Indonesia" title="Mahkamah Agung Indonesia">Mahkamah Agung</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Konstitusi_Indonesia" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia">Mahkamah Konsitusi</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi_Yudisial_Indonesia" title="Komisi Yudisial Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Komisi Yudisial RI</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuangan" title="Keuangan">Pengawasan keuangan</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Pemeriksa_Keuangan" title="Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan">Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_lembaga_pemerintahan_Indonesia" title="Daftar lembaga pemerintahan Indonesia">Lembaga pemerintahan</a> <ul><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Indonesia" title="Kementerian Indonesia">Kementerian</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Pemerintah_Non_Departemen" title="Lembaga Pemerintah Non Departemen">Lembaga non departemen</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_ekstra_struktural" title="Lembaga ekstra struktural">Lembaga ekstra struktural</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_independen" title="Lembaga independen">Lembaga independen</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Daerah" title="Pemerintahan Daerah">Pemerintahan daerah</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwakilan_Republik_Indonesia_di_Luar_Negeri" title="Perwakilan Republik Indonesia di Luar Negeri">Perwakilan di luar negeri</a></li><li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_partai_politik_di_Indonesia" title="Daftar partai politik di Indonesia">Partai politik</a></li><li><strong class="selflink">Pemilihan umum</strong></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5px; font-size: 95%;" align="right"> <hr /> <small><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Politik_menurut_negara" title="Kategori:Politik menurut negara">Negara lain</a></small><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <small><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></small><br /> <b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik">Portal politik</a></b><br /><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Templat:Politics of Indonesia"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Politics of Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Bicarakan templat ini">bicara</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat menyunting templat ini. Tolong gunakan pratayang sebelum menyimpan suntingan">sunting</span></a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pemilihan umum (pemilu) di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> pada awalnya ditujukan untuk memilih anggota lembaga perwakilan, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPR" title="DPR" class="mw-redirect">DPR</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Provinsi" title="DPRD Provinsi" class="mw-redirect">DPRD Provinsi</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kabupaten" title="DPRD Kabupaten" class="mw-redirect">DPRD Kabupaten</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kota" title="DPRD Kota" class="mw-redirect">Kota</a>. Setelah amandemen keempat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUD_1945" title="UUD 1945" class="mw-redirect">UUD 1945</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>, pemilihan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia">presiden</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">wakil presiden</a> (pilpres), yang semula dilakukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPR" title="MPR" class="mw-redirect">MPR</a>, disepakati untuk dilakukan langsung oleh rakyat sehingga pilpres pun dimasukkan ke dalam rezim pemilu. Pilpres sebagai bagian dari pemilu diadakan pertama kali pada Pemilu 2004. Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2007, pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah (pilkada) juga dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari rezim pemilu. Di tengah masyarakat, istilah "pemilu" lebih sering merujuk kepada pemilu legislatif dan pemilu presiden dan wakil presiden yang diadakan setiap 5 tahun sekali.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">sembunyikan</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Asas"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Asas</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1955"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1955</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1971"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1971</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1977-1997"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1977-1997</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_1999"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 1999</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2004"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2004</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2009"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2009</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2004_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2004</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilu_2009_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilu 2009</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Lihat_pula"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_di_Indonesia#Pranala_luar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Asas" id="Asas"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Asas">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Asas</span></h2> <p>Pemilihan umum di Indonesia menganut asas "Luber" yang merupakan singkatan dari "Langsung, Umum, Bebas dan Rahasia". Asal "Luber" sudah ada sejak zaman <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru" class="mw-redirect">Orde Baru</a>. Langsung berarti pemilih diharuskan memberikan suaranya secara langsung dan tidak boleh diwakikan. Umum berarti pemilihan umum dapat diikuti seluruh warga negara yang sudah memiliki hak menggunakan suara. Bebas berarti pemilih diharuskan memberikan suaranya tanpa ada paksaan dari pihak manapun, kemudian Rahasia berarti suara yang diberikan oleh pemilih bersifat rahasia hanya diketahui oleh si pemilih itu sendiri.</p> <p>Kemudian di era reformasi berkembang pula asas "Jurdil" yang merupakan singkatan dari "Jujur dan Adil". Asas jujur mengandung arti bahwa pemilihan umum harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan aturan untuk memastikan bahwa setiap warga negara yang memiliki hak dapat memilih sesuai dengan kehendaknya dan setiap suara pemilih memiliki nilai yang sama untuk menentukan wakil rakyat yang akan terpilih. Asas adil adalah perlakuan yang sama terhadap peserta pemilu dan pemilih, tanpa ada pengistimewaan ataupun diskriminasi terhadap peserta atau pemilih tertentu. Asas jujur dan adil mengikat tidak hanya kepada pemilih ataupun peserta pemilu, tetapi juga penyelenggara pemilu.</p> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR.2C_DPD.2C_dan_DPRD"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD</span></h2> <p>Sepanjang sejarah Republik Indonesia, telah terjadi 9 kali pemilu anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD, yaitu pada tahun 1955, 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, dan 2009 (pemilu legislatif).</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1955" id="Pemilu_1955"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1955">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1955</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_Konstituante_Indonesia_1955" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan Konstituante Indonesia 1955">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan Konstituante Indonesia 1955</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu pertama dilangsungkan pada tahun 1955 dan bertujuan untuk memilih anggota-anggota DPR dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstituante" title="Konstituante">Konstituante</a>. Pemilu ini seringkali disebut dengan Pemilu 1955, dan dipersiapkan di bawah pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Ali Sastroamidjojo. Namun, Ali Sastroamidjojo mengundurkan diri dan pada saat pemungutan suara, kepala pemerintahan telah dipegang oleh Perdana Menteri Burhanuddin Harahap.</p> <p>Sesuai tujuannya, Pemilu 1955 ini dibagi menjadi dua tahap, yaitu:</p> <ul><li>Tahap pertama adalah Pemilu untuk memilih anggota DPR. Tahap ini diselenggarakan pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_September" title="29 September">29 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>, dan diikuti oleh 29 partai politik dan individu,</li><li>Tahap kedua adalah Pemilu untuk memilih anggota Konstituante. Tahap ini diselenggarakan pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Desember" title="15 Desember">15 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>.</li></ul> <p>Lima besar dalam Pemilu ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Partai Nasional Indonesia">Partai Nasional Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyumi" title="Masyumi" class="mw-redirect">Masyumi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Indonesia" title="Partai Komunis Indonesia">Partai Komunis Indonesia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partai_Syarikat_Islam_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1971" id="Pemilu_1971"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1971">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1971</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1971" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1971">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1971</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu berikutnya diselenggarakan pada tahun 1971, tepatnya pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Juli" title="5 Juli">5 Juli</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>. Pemilu ini adalah Pemilu pertama setelah orde baru, dan diikuti oleh 10 partai politik.</p> <p>Lima besar dalam Pemilu ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parmusi (halaman belum tersedia)">Parmusi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Partai Nasional Indonesia">Partai Nasional Indonesia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partai_Syarikat_Islam_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia</a>.</p> <p>Pada tahun 1975, melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Nomor_3_Tahun_1975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1975 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1975 tentang Partai Politik dan Golkar</a>, diadakanlah fusi (penggabungan) partai-partai politik, menjadi hanya dua partai politik (yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan" title="Partai Persatuan Pembangunan">Partai Persatuan Pembangunan</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia</a>) dan satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1977-1997" id="Pemilu_1977-1997"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1977-1997">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1977-1997</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1977" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1977">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1977</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1982" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1982">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1982</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1987" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1987">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1987</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1992" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1992">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1992</a></i></div> </dd><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1997" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1997">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1997</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu-Pemilu berikutnya dilangsungkan pada tahun 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, dan 1997. Pemilu-Pemilu ini diselenggarakan dibawah pemerintahan Presiden <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a>. Pemilu-Pemilu ini seringkali disebut dengan "Pemilu Orde Baru". Sesuai peraturan Fusi Partai Politik tahun 1975, Pemilu-Pemilu tersebut hanya diikuti dua partai politik dan satu Golongan Karya. Pemilu-Pemilu tersebut kesemuanya dimenangkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_Karya" title="Golongan Karya" class="mw-redirect">Golongan Karya</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_1999" id="Pemilu_1999"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 1999">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 1999</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_1999" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1999">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR dan DPRD Indonesia 1999</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu berikutnya, sekaligus Pemilu pertama setelah runtuhnya orde baru, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu_1999" title="Pemilu 1999" class="mw-redirect">Pemilu 1999</a> dilangsungkan pada tahun 1999 (tepatnya pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Juni" title="7 Juni">7 Juni</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>) di bawah pemerintahan Presiden <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ_Habibie" title="BJ Habibie" class="mw-redirect">BJ Habibie</a> dan diikuti oleh 48 partai politik.</p> <p>Lima besar Pemilu 1999 adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Golkar" title="Partai Golkar" class="mw-redirect">Partai Golkar</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan" title="Partai Persatuan Pembangunan">Partai Persatuan Pembangunan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Bangsa" title="Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa">Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Amanat_Nasional" title="Partai Amanat Nasional">Partai Amanat Nasional</a>.</p> <p>Walaupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan" title="Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan">Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan</a> meraih suara terbanyak (dengan perolehan suara sekitar 35 persen), yang diangkat menjadi presiden bukanlah calon dari partai itu, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Soekarnoputri" title="Megawati Soekarnoputri">Megawati Soekarnoputri</a>, melainkan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Kebangkitan_Bangsa" title="Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa">Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa</a>, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a> (Pada saat itu, Megawati hanya menjadi calon presiden). Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk terjadi karena Pemilu 1999 hanya bertujuan untuk memilih anggota MPR, DPR, dan DPRD, sementara pemilihan presiden dan wakilnya dilakukan oleh anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPR" title="MPR" class="mw-redirect">MPR</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2004" id="Pemilu_2004"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2004">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2004</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR,_DPD,_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_2004" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2004">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2004</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pada Pemilu 2004, selain memilih anggota DPR, DPRD Provinsi, dan DPRD Kabupaten/Kota, rakyat juga dapat memilih anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPD" title="DPD" class="mw-redirect">DPD</a>, suatu lembaga perwakilan baru yang ditujukan untuk mewakili kepentingan daerah.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2009" id="Pemilu_2009"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2009">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2009</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Anggota_DPR,_DPD,_dan_DPRD_Indonesia_2009" title="Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2009">Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD Indonesia 2009</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden</span></h2> <p>Pemilihan umum presiden dan wakil presiden (pilpres) pertama kali diadakan dalam Pemilu 2004.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2004_2" id="Pemilu_2004_2"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2004">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2004</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2004" title="Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2004">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2004</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilu 2004 merupakan pemilu pertama di mana para peserta dapat memilih langsung presiden dan wakil presiden pilihan mereka. Pemenang pilpres 2004 adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>. Pilpres ini dilangsungkan dalam dua putaran, karena tidak ada pasangan calon yang berhasil mendapatkan suara lebih dari 50%. Putaran kedua digunakan untuk memilih presiden yang diwarnai persaingan antara Yudhoyono dan Megawati yang akhirnya dimenangi oleh pasangan Yudhoyono-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Kalla" title="Jusuf Kalla" class="mw-redirect">Jusuf Kalla</a>.</p> <p>Pergantian kekuasaan berlangsung mulus dan merupakan sejarah bagi Indonesia yang belum pernah mengalami pergantian kekuasaan tanpa huru-hara. Satu-satunya cacat pada pergantian kekuasaan ini adalah tidak hadirnya Megawati pada upacara pelantikan Yudhoyono sebagai presiden.</p> <p><a name="Pemilu_2009_2" id="Pemilu_2009_2"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilu 2009">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilu 2009</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Presiden_dan_Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia_2009" title="Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009">Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden diusulkan oleh partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 2009. Pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang mendapatkan suara lebih dari 50% dari jumlah suara dalam pemilihan umum dengan sedikitnya 20% suara di setiap provinsi yang tersebar di lebih dari setengah jumlah provinsi di Indonesia, dilantik menjadi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Untuk dapat mengusulkan , partai politik atau koalisi partai politik harus mendapatkan 25 % suara sah nasional atau 20 % kursi DPR . Apabila tidak ada pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih, dua pasangan calon yang memperoleh suara terbanyak pertama dan kedua dalam pemilihan umum dipilih oleh rakyat secara langsung dan pasangan yang memperoleh suara rakyat terbanyak dilantik sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden 2009 akan diadakan sekitar tanggal 8 Juli 2009.</p> <p><a name="Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah" id="Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="boilerplate" id="catmore"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" class="image" title="!"><img alt="!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a><i>Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Kepala_Daerah_dan_Wakil_Kepala_Daerah" title="Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah">Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Pemilihan umum kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah (pilkada) menjadi bagian dari rezim pemilu sejak 2007. Pilkada pertama di Indonesia adalah Pilkada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Kutai_Kartanegara" title="Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara">Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara</a> pada 1 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juni_2005" title="Juni 2005">Juni 2005</a>.</p>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-37018125212849566762009-05-18T03:01:00.000-07:002009-05-18T03:03:26.439-07:00kite<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Ki</h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">ite</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <div class="dablink">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_%28disambiguation%29" title="Kite (disambiguation)">Kite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="dablink">"Kites" redirects here. For 2009 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Hindi film</a> of the same name, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kites_%28film%29" title="Kites (film)">Kites (film)</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokaichi01.jpg" class="image" title="Yokaichi Giant Kite Festival held on the fourth Sunday every May in Higashiomi, Shiga, Japan"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yokaichi01.jpg/180px-Yokaichi01.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="120" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokaichi01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Yokaichi Giant Kite Festival held on the fourth Sunday every May in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiomi,_Shiga" title="Higashiomi, Shiga" class="mw-redirect">Higashiomi, Shiga</a>, Japan</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_flying_kite.jpg" class="image" title="A man flying a kite on the beach, a good location for flying as winds travelling across the sea contain few up or down draughts which cause kites to fly erratically."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Man_flying_kite.jpg/180px-Man_flying_kite.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_flying_kite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A man flying a kite on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a>, a good location for flying as winds travelling across the sea contain few <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">up or down draughts</a> which cause kites to fly erratically.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YoungManflyingkiteinapark.JPG" class="image" title="A young man in Rizal Park, flying a chapi-chapi kite constructed from sticks and old newspapers."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/YoungManflyingkiteinapark.JPG/180px-YoungManflyingkiteinapark.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="285" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YoungManflyingkiteinapark.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A young man in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>, flying a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapi-chapi" title="Chapi-chapi">chapi-chapi</a></i> kite constructed from sticks and old newspapers.</div> </div> </div> <p>A <b>kite</b> is a flying tethered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> that depends upon the tension of a tethering system.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The necessary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_%28force%29" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> that makes the kite wing fly is generated when air (or in some cases water)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> flows over and under the kite's wing, producing low pressure above the wing and high pressure below it. This deflection also generates horizontal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> along the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of the one or more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">lines</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether" title="Tether">tethers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The anchor point of the kite line may be static or moving (e.g., the towing of a kite by a running person, boat,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> or vehicle).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Kites are usually heavier-than-air, but there is a second category of lighter-than-air kite called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikite" title="Helikite">helikite</a> which will fly with or without wind. Helikites work on a different stability principle to normal kites as helikites are helium-stabilised as well as wind stabilised. They are a stable combination of a helium balloon and kite-sail to create a single aerodynamically sound kite. When flown in wind a helikite will lift far more than its helium alone, and it will fly very well if weighted down to be considerably heavier than air.</p> <p>Kites may be flown for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> or other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Practical_uses" title="">practical</a> uses. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_kites" title="Sport kites" class="mw-redirect">Sport kites</a> can be flown in aerial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, sometimes as part of a competition. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_kite" title="Power kite">Power kites</a> are multi-line steerable kites designed to generate large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a> which can be used to power activities such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_surfing" title="Kite surfing" class="mw-redirect">kite surfing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">kite landboarding</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_buggying" title="Kite buggying" class="mw-redirect">kite buggying</a>. Kites towed behind boats can lift passengers<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> which has had useful military applications in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Materials"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Materials</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Practical_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Practical uses</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Military_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Military applications</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Science_and_meteorology"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Science and meteorology</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Radio_aerials_and_light_beacons"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Radio aerials and light beacons</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Kite_traction"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Kite traction</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Power_generation"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Power generation</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Cultural_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural uses</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Asia"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#South_America"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">South America</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#General_safety_issues"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">General safety issues</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Kite_designs"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Kite designs</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Kite_types"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Kite types</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#Types_of_kite_line"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Types of kite line</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p>The kite was first invented and popularized approximately 2,800 years ago in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where materials ideal for kite building were readily available: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> fabric for sail material, fine, high-tensile-strength silk for flying line, and resilient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> for a strong, lightweight framework. Alternatively, kite author Clive Hart and kite expert Tal Streeter hold that kites existed far before that time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The kite was said to be the invention of the famous 5th century BC Chinese philosophers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Ban" title="Lu Ban">Lu Ban</a>. By at least 549 AD <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> kites were being flown, as it was recorded in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_1_127_11-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_1_127-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Ancient and medieval Chinese sources list other uses of kites for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_1_127_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_1_127-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The earliest known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a stabilizing bowline. Kites were decorated with mythological motifs and legendary figures; some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-Britannica-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>After its appearance in China, the kite migrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> (Myanmar), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Arabia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, then farther south into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and the islands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> as far east as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>. Since kites made of leaves have been flown in Malaya and the South Seas from time immemorial, the kite could also have been invented independently in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-Britannica-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>One ancient design, the fighter kite, became popular throughout Asia. Most variations, including the fighter kites of India, Thailand and Japan, are small, flat, rough, diamond-shaped kites made of paper, with a tapered bamboo spine and a balanced bow. Although the rules of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_fighting" title="Kite fighting" class="mw-redirect">kite fighting</a> varied from country to country, the basic strategy was to maneuver the swift kite in such a way as to cut the opponent's flying line.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-Britannica-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Kite flying began much later in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> than in Asia. While unambiguous drawings of kites first appeared in print in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">the Netherlands</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the 17th century, pennon-type kites that evolved from military banners dating back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times and earlier were flown during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-Britannica-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> says that the earliest European description of a kite comes from the <i>Magia Naturalis</i> written in 1589 by the Italian polymath <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a> (1535–1615).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hg_winter_2006.jpg" class="image" title="Hang gliders are based on the Rogallo wing, originally marketed as a mylar self-inflating kite named the Flexikite."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hg_winter_2006.jpg/200px-Hg_winter_2006.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="133" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hg_winter_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_glider" title="Hang glider" class="mw-redirect">Hang gliders</a> are based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a>, originally marketed as a mylar self-inflating kite named the Flexikite.</div> </div> </div> <p>During the 18th century tailless bowed kites were still unknown in Europe. Flying flat arch- or pear-shaped kites with tails had become a popular pastime, mostly among children. The first scientificly-recorded use of a kite took place in 1749 when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson" title="Alexander Wilson">Alexander Wilson</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> used a kite train (two or more kites flown from a common line) as a meteorologic device for measuring temperature variations at different altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-Britannica-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The next year, in 1750, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> storm. Benjamin Franklin wisely never performed his experiment, but on May 10, 1752, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas-Fran%C3%A7ois_Dalibard" title="Thomas-François Dalibard">Thomas-François Dalibard</a> of France conducted Franklin's experiment (using a 40-foot (12 m)-tall iron rod instead of a kite) and extracted electrical sparks from a cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Materials" id="Materials"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Materials">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Materials</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite_Genki_DoPeRo_Fotodrachen.de.JPG" class="image" title="Art kites at a German kite festival"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kite_Genki_DoPeRo_Fotodrachen.de.JPG/200px-Kite_Genki_DoPeRo_Fotodrachen.de.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="171" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite_Genki_DoPeRo_Fotodrachen.de.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Art kites at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> kite festival</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StyroKite.jpg" class="image" title="Sparless Styrofoam kites"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/StyroKite.jpg/200px-StyroKite.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StyroKite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Sparless <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">Styrofoam</a> kites</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octopus.kite.jpg" class="image" title="Chtulhu kite at Clovis, New Mexico kite festival."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Octopus.kite.jpg/180px-Octopus.kite.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octopus.kite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chtulhu" title="Chtulhu" class="mw-redirect">Chtulhu</a> kite at Clovis, New Mexico kite festival.</div> </div> </div> <p>Kites typically consist of one or more spars to which a paper or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> sail is attached, although some, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_kite" title="Foil kite">foil kites</a>, have no spars at all. Classic kites use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> or some other strong but flexible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> for the spars, paper or light fabrics such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> for the sails, and are flown on string or twine. Modern kites use synthetic materials, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripstop_nylon" title="Ripstop nylon">ripstop nylon</a> or more exotic fabrics for the sails, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite-reinforced_plastic" title="Graphite-reinforced plastic" class="mw-redirect">carbon fiber</a> for the spars and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacron" title="Dacron" class="mw-redirect">dacron</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyneema" title="Dyneema" class="mw-redirect">dyneema</a> for the kite lines.</p> <p>Kites can be designed with many different shapes, forms, and sizes. They can take the form of flat geometric designs, boxes and other three-dimensional forms, or modern sparless inflatable designs. Kites flown by children are often simple <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_%28geometry%29" title="Kite (geometry)">geometric</a> forms (for example, the diamond). In Asia, children fly dried symmetrical leaves on sewing thread and sled-style kites made from sheets of folded writing paper.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Designs often emulate flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. The finest Chinese kites are made from split bamboo (usually golden bamboo), covered with silk, and hand painted. On larger kites, clever hinges and latches allow the kite to be disassembled and compactly folded for storage or transport. Cheaper mass-produced kites are often made from printed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> rather than silk.</p> <p>Tails are used for some single-line kite designs to keep the kite's nose pointing into the wind. Spinners and spinsocks can be attached to the flying line for visual effect. There are rotating wind socks which spin like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>. On large display kites these tails, spinners and spinsocks can be 50 feet (15m) long or more.</p> <p>Modern acrobatic kites use two or four lines to allow fine control of the kite's angle to the wind. Traction kites may have an additional line to de-power the kite and quick-release mechanisms to disengage flyer and kite in an emergency.</p> <p><a name="Practical_uses" id="Practical_uses"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Practical uses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Practical uses</span></h2> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_applications" title="Kite applications">Kite applications</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1O20-rotated.jpg" class="image" title="Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the annual Berkeley, California, kite festival in 2000. It is a kite-train of hundreds of linked circles with outriggers ending in feathers for balance. The dragon's head is a bamboo frame with painted silk covering."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1O20-rotated.jpg/200px-1O20-rotated.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="149" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1O20-rotated.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, kite festival in 2000. It is a kite-train of hundreds of linked circles with outriggers ending in feathers for balance. The dragon's head is a bamboo frame with painted silk covering.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite333.JPG" class="image" title="A quad-line traction kite, commonly used as a power source for kite surfing"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Kite333.JPG/200px-Kite333.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite333.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A quad-line traction kite, commonly used as a power source for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_surfing" title="Kite surfing" class="mw-redirect">kite surfing</a></div> </div> </div> <p><a name="Military_applications" id="Military_applications"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Military applications</span></h3> <p>Kites have been used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> uses in the past for signaling, for delivery of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munition" title="Munition" class="mw-redirect">munitions</a>, and for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>, by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">kite aerial photography</a>.</p> <p>Kim Yu-Sin (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yushin" title="Kim Yushin">Kim Yushin</a>), a Korean general, in 637 C.E. rallied his troops to defeat rebels by kite lofting a burning ball.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Kites were also used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Yi" title="Admiral Yi" class="mw-redirect">Admiral Yi</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a> (1392-1910) of Korea.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_%281592-1598%29" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)" class="mw-redirect">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)</a>, Admiral Yi commanded his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> with kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform his order. Admiral Yi was said to have over 300 such kites.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> eventually resulted in a Chinese and Korean victory; the kites played a minor role in the war's conclusion.</p> <p>In more modern times the British navy also used kites to haul human lookouts high into the air to see over the horizon and possibly the enemy ships, for example with the kite developed by Samuel Franklin Cody.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Barrage kites were used to protect London as well as the Pacific coast of the United States during the last century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-20" title=""><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines" title="Submarines" class="mw-redirect">Submarines</a> lofted observers in rotary kites.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-21" title=""><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> The Rogallo parawing kite<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-22" title=""><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> and the Jalbert parafoil kite were used for governable parachutes (free-flying kites) to deliver troops and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Science_and_meteorology" id="Science_and_meteorology"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science and meteorology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Science and meteorology</span></h3> <p>Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s famous experiment proving that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. Kites were the precursors to the traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> experimented with very large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-lifting_kite" title="Man-lifting kite">man-lifting kites</a>, as did the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave" title="Lawrence Hargrave">Lawrence Hargrave</a>. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>.</p> <p><a name="Radio_aerials_and_light_beacons" id="Radio_aerials_and_light_beacons"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio aerials and light beacons">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Radio aerials and light beacons</span></h3> <p>Kites can be used for radio purposes, by kites carrying antennas for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moored_balloon" title="Moored balloon">Captive balloons</a> may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor. It must be taken into account during experiments, that a conductor carried by a kite can lead to a high voltage toward ground, which can endanger people and equipment, if suitable precautions (grounding through resistors or a parallel resonant-circuit tuned to transmission frequency) are not taken.</p> <p>Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.</p> <p><a name="Kite_traction" id="Kite_traction"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kite traction">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Kite traction</span></h3> <p>Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_kite" title="Foil kite">foil-type kites</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_kite" title="Power kite">power kites</a> can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft. In the last two decades several kite sailing sports have become popular, such as kite buggying, kite landboarding and kite surfing. Snow kiting has also become popular in recent years.</p> <p>Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:</p> <ul><li>Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes</li><li>Kites may be manoeuvered dynamically which increases the force available dramatically</li><li>There is no need for mechanical structures to withstand bending forces; vehicles or hulls can be very light or dispensed with all together</li></ul> <p>The German company <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkySails" title="SkySails">SkySails</a> has developed ship-pulling kites as a supplemental power source for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a>, first tested in January 2008 on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Beluga_Skysails" title="MS Beluga Skysails">MS Beluga Skysails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-24" title=""><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Trials on this 55 m ship have shown that, in favorable winds, the kite reduces fuel consumption by up to 30%. This system is planned to be in full commercial production late 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-25" title=""><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Kites are available as an auxiliary sail or emergency <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnaker</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boat" title="Sailing boat" class="mw-redirect">sailing boats</a>. Self-launching <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafoil" title="Parafoil">Parafoil</a> kites are attached to the mast.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Beluga_Skysails" title="MS Beluga Skysails">MS Beluga Skysails</a> is the world's first commercial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">container</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> partially powered by a giant computer-controlled kite (160 m² or 1,722 sq ft). The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%. It was launched on 17 December 2007 and was set to leave the northern German port of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanta" title="Guanta">Guanta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> on January 22, 2008. Stephan Wrage, managing director of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkySails" title="SkySails">SkySails</a> GmbH announced: "During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions." Verena Frank, project manager at Beluga Shipping GmbH, SkySails GmbH's partner further stated that "the project's core concept was using wind energy as auxiliary propulsion power and using wind as a free of charge energy".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-26" title=""><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Power_generation" id="Power_generation"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Power generation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Power generation</span></h3> <p>A conceptual research and development project by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makani_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makani Power (page does not exist)">Makani Power</a>, based in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and funded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a>, is investigating the use of kites in harnessing high altitude wind currents to generate electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-27" title=""><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a> project has used a 10 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m²</a> kite to generate 10 kilowatts of power.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-28" title=""><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddermill" title="Laddermill">laddermill</a>.</p> <p><br /></p> <p><a name="Cultural_uses" id="Cultural_uses"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural uses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Cultural uses</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter-lynn-octopus.jpg" class="image" title="Launch of ram-air inflated Peter Lynn single-line kite, shaped like an octopus and 90 feet (27 m) long"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Peter-lynn-octopus.jpg/200px-Peter-lynn-octopus.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="200" height="266" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter-lynn-octopus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Launch of ram-air inflated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lynn" title="Peter Lynn">Peter Lynn</a> single-line kite, shaped like an octopus and 90 feet (27 m) long</div> </div> </div> <p>Kite festivals are a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. They include small local events, traditional festivals which have been held for hundreds of years and major international festivals which bring in kite flyers from overseas to display their unique art kites and demonstrate the latest technical kites.</p> <p><a name="Asia" id="Asia"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Asia</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysiakite.jpg" class="image" title="Making a traditional Wau jala budi kite in Malaysia. The bamboo frame is covered with plain paper and then decorated with multiple layers of shaped paper and foil."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Malaysiakite.jpg/180px-Malaysiakite.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="270" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysiakite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Making a traditional <i>Wau jala budi</i> kite in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The bamboo frame is covered with plain paper and then decorated with multiple layers of shaped paper and foil.</div> </div> </div> <p>Kite flying is popular in many Asian countries, where it often takes the form of '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_fighting" title="Kite fighting" class="mw-redirect">kite fighting</a>', in which participants try to snag each other's kites or cut other kites down.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-29" title=""><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_kite" title="Fighter kite">Fighter kites</a> are usually small, flat, flattened diamond-shaped kites made of paper and bamboo. Tails are not used on fighter kites so that agility and maneuverability are not compromised. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> this is known as <i>Gudiparan Bazi</i>. Some kite fighters pass their strings through a mixture of ground glass powder and glue. The resulting strings are very abrasive and can sever the competitor's strings more easily. The abrasive strings can also injure people. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> rule in Afghanistan, kite flying was banned, among various other recreations.</p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, kites are flown without tails. Instead small flutes are attached allowing the wind to "hum" a musical tune. There are other forms of sound-making kites. In Bali, large bows are attached to the front of the kites to make a deep throbbing vibration, and in Malaysia row of gourds with sound-slots are used to create a whistle as the kite flies.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite_lko.jpg" class="image" title="A kite shop in Lucknow, India"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Kite_lko.jpg/180px-Kite_lko.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="271" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite_lko.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> A kite shop in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, India</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> festival of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti" class="mw-redirect">Makar Sankranti</a> is devoted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_fighting" title="Kite fighting" class="mw-redirect">kite fighting</a> in some states. This spring festival is celebrated every January 15, with millions of people flying kites all over northern India. The states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, some part of West Bengal, Rajasthan, and the cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> are particularly notable for their kite fighting festivals. Kite flying in Hyderabad starts a month before the official kite flying festival (Sankranthi). The thread used to fly kites in Hyderabad is known as 'Manjaa'. Highly maneuverable single-string paper and bamboo kites are flown from the rooftops while using line friction in an attempt to cut each other's kite lines, either by letting the line loose at high speed or by pulling the line in a fast and repeated manner. In some Indian cities kite flying/fighting is an important part of other celebrations, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>, Independence Day, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami" title="Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect">Janmashtami</a>. A international kite festival is held every year before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarayan" title="Uttarayan" class="mw-redirect">Uttarayan</a> for 3 days in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahemedabad" title="Ahemedabad" class="mw-redirect">Ahemedabad</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, kite flying is most popular. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> are the main cities where kite flying is observed on the 14th and 15th January every year. The 14th known as 'Uttarayan' and 15th known as 'Vasi Uttarayan'. People start flying kites early in the morning and continue until the evening. Playing music to accompany kite-flying is a common sight. The kite is known as 'Patang' in Gujarat and other places in India. The kite flying with Cotton Cords. Cotton cords has various brands like Chain 8, Genda 1,2,Panda etc. People start preparations before 15 days ahead to buy Kites and Cords.</p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, kite flying is a popular ritual for the spring festival known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basant" title="Basant">Basant</a>. However, kite flying is currently banned as some kite fliers engage in kite battles by coating their strings with glass or shards of metal, leading to injuries and death. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_fighting" title="Kite fighting" class="mw-redirect">Kite fighting</a> is a very popular sport in Pakistan, mainly centered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Kup, Patang, Guda, and Nakhlaoo are some of the kites used in fighting and they vary in balance, weight and speed through the air.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bermuda_Kite_01.jpg" class="image" title="Bermuda kite"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Bermuda_Kite_01.jpg/180px-Bermuda_Kite_01.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="177" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bermuda_Kite_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Bermuda kite</a></div> </div> </div> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> promotes itself as the kite capital of the world. It is home to the largest kite museum in the world, which has a display area of 8100 m<sup>2</sup>. Weifang hosts an annual international kite festival on the large salt flats south of the city. There are several kite museums in Japan and others in England, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA.</p> <p><a name="Europe" id="Europe"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Europe</span></h3> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, flying kites is a tradition for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a>, the first day of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" title="British Overseas Territory" class="mw-redirect">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Bermuda kites</a> are made and flown at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, to symbolise Christ's ascent. Bermuda kites hold the world records for altitude and duration.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <p><a name="South_America" id="South_America"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">South America</span></h3> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, it is very popular, especially during Independence Day festivities (September 18).</p> <p><a name="Popular_culture" id="Popular_culture"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Popular culture</span></h2> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kite_Runner" title="The Kite Runner">The Kite Runner</a></i>, a 2005 novel by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Hosseini" title="Khaled Hosseini">Khaled Hosseini</a> dramatizes the role of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_fighting" title="Kite fighting" class="mw-redirect">kite fighting</a> in pre-war <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.</li><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a> cartoon character <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown" title="Charlie Brown">Charlie Brown</a> was often depicted having flown his kite into a tree as a metaphor for life's adversities.</li></ul> <p><a name="General_safety_issues" id="General_safety_issues"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General safety issues">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">General safety issues</span></h2> <p>There are safety issues involved in kite-flying, more so with power kites. Kite lines can strike and tangle on electrical power lines, causing power blackouts and running the risk of electrocuting the kite flier. Wet kite lines or wire can act as a conductor for static electricity and lightning when the weather is stormy. Kites with large surface areas or powerful lift can lift kite fliers off the ground or drag them into stationary objects. In urban areas there is usually a ceiling on how high a kite can be flown, to prevent the kite and line infringing on the airspace of helicopters and light aircraft.</p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, specially in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent" class="mw-redirect">Indian subcontinent</a> the twine is coated with powdered glass to cut opponent's lines and these deadly strings known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manja_%28kite%29" title="Manja (kite)">Manja</a> are reported to kill number of pedestrians or motorcyclists each year all over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-31" title=""><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite#cite_note-32" title=""><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup>. The same problem has been reported in Brazil.</p></div>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-12958290275096566712009-05-18T02:51:00.000-07:002009-05-18T02:55:37.574-07:00hidro<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Hydroelectricity</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; right: 55px;"> <div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Semi-protected" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></a></div> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-move" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merge-arrow.svg" class="image" title="Merge arrow"><img alt="Merge arrow" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/50px-Merge-arrow.svg.png" border="0" width="50" height="20" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">It has been suggested that this article or section be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages" title="Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages" class="mw-redirect">merged</a> into <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></i>. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Hydropower" title="Talk:Hydropower">Discuss</a>)</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" class="image" title="The Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric power station in the world."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg/280px-Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="280" height="187" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of the largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydro-electric power station</a> in the world.</div> </div> </div> <table class="infobox" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></b></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="image" title="Wind Turbine"><img alt="Wind Turbine" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/60px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" border="0" width="60" height="60" /></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a><br /><strong class="selflink">Hydropower</strong><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Hydroelectricity</b> is electricity generated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> powered energy plants. Worldwide, hydroelectricity supplied an estimated 816 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWe" title="GWe" class="mw-redirect">GWe</a> in 2005. This was approximately 20% of the world's electricity, and accounted for about 88% of electricity from renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21-2006_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-REN21-2006-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Electricity_generation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Electricity generation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Industrial_hydroelectric_plants"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial hydroelectric plants</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Small-scale_hydro-electric_plants"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Small-scale hydro-electric plants</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Advantages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Advantages</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Economics"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Greenhouse gas emissions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Related_activities"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Related activities</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Disadvantages"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Disadvantages</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Environmental_damage"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental damage</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Greenhouse_gas_emissions_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Greenhouse gas emissions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Population_relocation"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Population relocation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Dam_failures"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dam failures</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Affected_by_flow_shortage"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Affected by flow shortage</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Comparison_with_other_methods_of_power_generation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison with other methods of power generation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Countries_with_the_most_hydro-electric_capacity"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Old_hydro-electric_power_stations"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Old hydro-electric power stations</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Northern_hemisphere"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Northern hemisphere</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Southern_hemisphere"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Southern hemisphere</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Major_schemes_under_construction"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Major schemes under construction</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Proposed_major_hydroelectric_projects"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Proposed major hydroelectric projects</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Cost"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Cost</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Electricity_generation" id="Electricity_generation"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Electricity generation</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image" title="Text document with red question mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" border="0" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This section includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>. <small><i>(August 2008)</i></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_turbine.jpg" class="image" title="Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Water_turbine.jpg/230px-Water_turbine.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="230" height="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_turbine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Hydraulic turbine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydroelectric_dam.svg" class="image" title="Hydroelectric dam in cross section"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/230px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="230" height="156" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydroelectric_dam.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Hydroelectric dam in cross section</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a></div> <p>Most hydroelectric power comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dammed</a> water driving a water turbine and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator" title="Electrical generator">generator</a>. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%28hydraulic%29" title="Head (hydraulic)" class="mw-redirect">head</a>. The amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstock" title="Penstock">penstock</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped_storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped storage hydroelectricity" class="mw-redirect">Pumped storage hydroelectricity</a> produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_%28water%29" title="Reservoir (water)" class="mw-redirect">reservoirs</a> at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only commercially important means of large-scale <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">grid energy storage</a> and improve the daily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor" title="Load factor">load factor</a> of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">run-of-the-river</a> plants, since it is not then possible to store water. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods.</p> <p>Less common types of hydro schemes use water's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> or undammed sources such as undershot <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">waterwheels</a>.</p> <p>A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is: <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i> = <i>h</i><i>r</i><i>g</i><i>k</i></span>, where <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i></span> is Power in kilowatts, <span class="texhtml"><i>h</i></span> is height in meters, <span class="texhtml"><i>r</i></span> is flow rate in cubic meters per second, <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i></span> is acceleration due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity" class="mw-redirect">gravity</a> of 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>, and <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i></span> is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern turbines.</p> <p>Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.</p> <p><a name="Industrial_hydroelectric_plants" id="Industrial_hydroelectric_plants"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Industrial hydroelectric plants</span></h2> <p>While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some are created to serve specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industrial</a> enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to provide the substantial amounts of electricity needed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> electrolytic plants, for example. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> there are examples at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlochleven" title="Kinlochleven">Kinlochleven</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, constructed during the early years of the 20th century. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a>, long the world's largest, switched to support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> aluminum in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham, Washington</a> for America's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> airplanes before it was allowed to provide irrigation and power to citizens (in addition to aluminum power) after the war. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokopondo_Reservoir" title="Brokopondo Reservoir">Brokopondo Reservoir</a> was constructed to provide electricity for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> aluminium industry. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manapouri_Power_Station" title="Manapouri Power Station">Manapouri Power Station</a> was constructed to supply electricity to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelter" title="Smelter" class="mw-redirect">smelter</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comalco" title="Comalco" class="mw-redirect">Tiwai Point</a>. As of 2007 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rahnj%C3%BAkar_Hydropower_Project" title="Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project">Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Small-scale_hydro-electric_plants" id="Small-scale_hydro-electric_plants"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Small-scale hydro-electric plants</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image" title="Text document with red question mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" border="0" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This section includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>. <small><i>(August 2008)</i></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></div> <p>Although large hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's hydroelectricity, some situations require small hydro plants. These are defined as plants producing up to 10 megawatts, or projects up to 30 megawatts in North America. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide power only to an isolated community or a single home. Small hydro projects generally do not require the protracted economic, engineering and environmental studies associated with large projects, and often can be completed much more quickly. A small hydro development may be installed along with a project for flood control, irrigation or other purposes, providing extra revenue for project costs. In areas that formerly used waterwheels for milling and other purposes, often the site can be redeveloped for electric power production, possibly eliminating the new environmental impact of any demolition operation. Small hydro can be further divided into mini-hydro, units around 1 MW in size, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">micro hydro</a> with units as large as 100 kW down to a couple of kW rating.</p> <p>Small hydro schemes are particularly popular in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, which has over 50% of world small hydro capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21-2006_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-REN21-2006-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Small hydro units in the range 1 MW to about 30 MW are often available from multiple manufacturers using standardized "water to wire" packages; a single contractor can provide all the major mechanical and electrical equipment (turbine, generator, controls, switchgear), selecting from several standard designs to fit the site conditions. Micro hydro projects use a diverse range of equipment; in the smaller sizes industrial centrifugal pumps can be used as turbines, with comparatively low purchase cost compared to purpose-built turbines.</p> <p><a name="Advantages" id="Advantages"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Advantages</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stwlan.dam.jpg" class="image" title="The upper reservoir and dam of the Ffestiniog pumped storage scheme. 360 megawatts of electricity can be generated within 60 seconds of the need arising."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/230px-Stwlan.dam.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="230" height="148" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stwlan.dam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The upper reservoir and dam of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffestiniog_power_station" title="Ffestiniog power station">Ffestiniog pumped storage scheme</a>. 360 megawatts of electricity can be generated within 60 seconds of the need arising.</div> </div> </div> <p><a name="Economics" id="Economics"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Economics</span></h3> <p>The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or coal, and no imports are needed.</p> <p>Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.</p> <p>Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Greenhouse_gas_emissions" id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Greenhouse gas emissions</span></h3> <p>Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (a greenhouse gas). While some carbon dioxide is produced during manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating emissions of equivalent fossil-fuel electricity generation.</p> <p><a name="Related_activities" id="Related_activities"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Related activities</span></h3> <p>Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports</a>, and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countries, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.</p> <p><a name="Disadvantages" id="Disadvantages"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Disadvantages</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydro_Warning.JPG" class="image" title="Recreational users must exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, power plant intakes and spillways.[5]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Hydro_Warning.JPG/230px-Hydro_Warning.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="230" height="173" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydro_Warning.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Recreational users must exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, power plant intakes and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p><a name="Environmental_damage" id="Environmental_damage"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Environmental damage</span></h3> <p>Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> both upstream and downstream of the plant site. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_%28ocean%29" title="Atlantic (ocean)" class="mw-redirect">Atlantic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_%28ocean%29" title="Pacific (ocean)" class="mw-redirect">Pacific</a> coasts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> have reduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> populations by preventing access to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_%28biology%29" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">fish ladders</a> installed. Salmon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_%28biology%29" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">turbines</a>. This has led to some areas transporting smolt downstream by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> during parts of the year. In some cases dams have been demolished (for example the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot_Dam" title="Marmot Dam" class="mw-redirect">Marmot Dam</a> demolished in 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> because of impact on fish. Turbine and power-plant designs that are easier on aquatic life are an active area of research. Mitigation measures such as fish ladders may be required at new projects or as a condition of re-licensing of existing projects.</p> <p>Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Since turbine gates are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed. For example, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a> was found to be contributing to erosion of sand bars. Dissolved <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> content of the water may change from pre-construction conditions. Depending on the location, water exiting from turbines is typically much warmer than the pre-dam water, which can change aquatic faunal populations, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, and prevent natural freezing processes from occurring. Some hydroelectric projects also use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Examples include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekapo_River" title="Tekapo River">Tekapo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukaki_River" title="Pukaki River">Pukaki Rivers</a>.</p> <p><a name="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_2" id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_2"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Greenhouse gas emissions</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnington_hydroelectic_power_station.JPG" class="image" title="Bonnington hydroelectric power station, River Clyde, Scotland."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bonnington_hydroelectic_power_station.JPG/180px-Bonnington_hydroelectic_power_station.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="127" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnington_hydroelectic_power_station.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Bonnington hydroelectric power station, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The reservoirs of power plants in tropical regions may produce substantial amounts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> environment, and forming methane, a very potent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. According to the World Commission on Dams report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Although these emissions represent carbon already in the biosphere, not fossil deposits that had been sequestered from the carbon cycle, there is a greater amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> decay, causing greater damage than would otherwise have occurred had the forest decayed naturally.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnington_Hydroelectric_power_station_pipes.JPG" class="image" title="The pipes supplying water from the River Clyde to Bonnington hydroelectric power station, Scotland."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bonnington_Hydroelectric_power_station_pipes.JPG/140px-Bonnington_Hydroelectric_power_station_pipes.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="187" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnington_Hydroelectric_power_station_pipes.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The pipes supplying water from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a> to Bonnington hydroelectric power station, Scotland.</div> </div> </div> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest" title="Boreal forest" class="mw-redirect">boreal</a> reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, greenhouse gas emissions are typically only 2% to 8% of any kind of conventional fossil-fuel thermal generation. A new class of underwater logging operation that targets drowned forests can mitigate the effect of forest decay.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rivers" title="International Rivers">International Rivers</a> accused hydropower firms for cheating with fake carbon credits under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism">Clean Development Mechanism</a> (CDM), for hydropower projects already finished or under construction at the moment they applied to join the CDM. These carbon credits – of hydropower projects under the CDM in developing countries – can be sold to companies and governments in rich countries, in order to comply with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_protocol" title="Kyoto protocol" class="mw-redirect">Kyoto protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Population_relocation" id="Population_relocation"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Population relocation</span></h3> <p>Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In February 2008, it was estimated that 40-80 million people worldwide had been physically displaced as a direct result of dam construction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> In many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally, historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost. Such problems have arisen at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam#Local_culture_and_natural_beauty" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> project in China, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Dam" title="Clyde Dam">Clyde Dam</a> in New Zealand and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%B1su_Dam" title="Ilısu Dam">Ilısu Dam</a> in Southeastern Turkey.</p> <p><a name="Dam_failures" id="Dam_failures"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dam failures</span></h3> <p>Failures of large dams, while rare, are potentially serious — the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqiao_Dam" title="Banqiao Dam">Banqiao Dam</a> failure in Southern China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and left millions homeless. Dams may be subject to enemy bombardment during wartime, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and terrorism. Smaller dams and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">micro hydro</a> facilities are less vulnerable to these threats. The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters like the one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> in Italy, where almost 2000 people died, in 1963.</p> <p><a name="Affected_by_flow_shortage" id="Affected_by_flow_shortage"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Affected by flow shortage</span></h3> <p>Changes in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Because of global warming, the volume of glaciers has decreased, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cascades" title="North Cascades">North Cascades</a> glaciers, which have lost a third of their volume since 1950, resulting in stream flows that have decreased by as much as 34%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The result of diminished river flow can be power shortages in areas that depend heavily on hydroelectric power.</p> <p><a name="Comparison_with_other_methods_of_power_generation" id="Comparison_with_other_methods_of_power_generation"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Comparison with other methods of power generation</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image" title="Text document with red question mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" border="0" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This section includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>. <small><i>(August 2008)</i></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Power_Station_of_Aswan_dam.jpg" class="image" title="The hydroelectric power station of Aswan Dam, Egypt"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Power_Station_of_Aswan_dam.jpg/180px-Power_Station_of_Aswan_dam.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Power_Station_of_Aswan_dam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The hydroelectric power station of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, Egypt</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vianden_lake.jpg" class="image" title="Hydroelectric reservoir in Vianden, Luxembourg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vianden_lake.jpg/180px-Vianden_lake.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vianden_lake.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Hydroelectric reservoir in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianden" title="Vianden">Vianden</a>, Luxembourg</div> </div> </div> <p>Hydroelectricity eliminates the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_emissions_from_fossil_fuel_combustion" title="Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion">flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion</a>, including pollutants such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, dust, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. Compared to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, hydroelectricity generates no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_waste" title="Nuclear waste" class="mw-redirect">nuclear waste</a>, has none of the dangers associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a>, nor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">nuclear leaks</a>. Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.</p> <p>Compared to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a>, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can be dispatched to generate power when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.</p> <p>Unlike fossil-fueled combustion turbines, construction of a hydroelectric plant requires a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and environmental impact assessment. Hydrological data up to 50 years or more is usually required to determine the best sites and operating regimes for a large hydroelectric plant. Unlike plants operated by fuel, such as fossil or nuclear energy, the number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; in many areas the most cost effective sites have already been exploited. New hydro sites tend to be far from population centers and require extensive transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation depends on rainfall in the watershed, and may be significantly reduced in years of low rainfall or snowmelt. Long-term energy yield may be affected by climate change. Utilities that primarily use hydroelectric power may spend additional capital to build extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low water years.</p> <p>In parts of Canada (the provinces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) hydroelectricity is used so extensively that the word "hydro" is often used to refer to any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> delivered by a power utility. The government-run power utilities in these provinces are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Hydro" title="BC Hydro">BC Hydro</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro" title="Manitoba Hydro">Manitoba Hydro</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_One" title="Hydro One">Hydro One</a> (formerly "Ontario Hydro"), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Hydro" title="Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro">Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro</a> respectively. Hydro-Québec is the world's largest hydroelectric generating company, with a total installed capacity (2007) of 35,647 MW, including 33,305 MW of hydroelectric generation<sup id="cite_ref-HQ2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-HQ2007-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a name="Countries_with_the_most_hydro-electric_capacity" id="Countries_with_the_most_hydro-electric_capacity"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity</span></h2> <p>The ranking of hydro-electric capacity is either by actual annual energy production or by installed capacity power rating. A hydro-electric plant rarely operates at its full power rating over a full year; the ratio between annual average power and installed capacity rating is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a>. The installed capacity is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings. Sources came from <i>BP Statistical Review - Full Report 2007</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydoelectric_power_stations" title="List of the largest hydoelectric power stations" class="mw-redirect">List of the largest hydoelectric power stations</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> produces 98-99% of its electricity from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric" title="Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect">hydroelectric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-norway_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-norway-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Brazil, Canada, Norway and Venezuela are the only countries in the world where the majority of their internal electric energy production is from hydroelectric power.</p> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Annual Hydroelectric<br />Energy Production(TWh) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Installed<br />Capacity (GW) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Capacity<br />Factor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Percent of<br />all electricity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>(2008)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>563.3</td> <td>171.52</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>17.18</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Brazil.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>371.5</td> <td>69.080</td> <td>0.56</td> <td>85.56</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Canada.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="11" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>368.2</td> <td>88.974</td> <td>0.59</td> <td>61.12</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the United States.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="12" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></td> <td>250.8</td> <td>79.511</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>5.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>179.0</td> <td>45.000</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>17.64</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Norway.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="16" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>135.3</td> <td>27.528</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>98.25<sup id="cite_ref-norway_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-norway-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="image" title="Flag of India.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>122.4</td> <td>33.600</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>15.80</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Venezuela.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>83.9</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>67.17</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Japan.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>83.6</td> <td>27.229</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>7.21</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="14" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>66.2</td> <td>16.209</td> <td>0.46</td> <td>44.34</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Paraguay.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/22px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="13" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>(2006)</td> <td>64.0</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="22" height="15" /></a> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>63.6</td> <td>25.335</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>11.23</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Old_hydro-electric_power_stations" id="Old_hydro-electric_power_stations"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Old hydro-electric power stations</span></h2> <p><a name="Northern_hemisphere" id="Northern_hemisphere"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Northern hemisphere</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" title="USA" class="mw-redirect">USA</a> completed 1882, A waterwheel on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_%28Wisconsin%29" title="Fox River (Wisconsin)">Fox river</a> supplied the first commercial hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper mills and a house, two years after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> demonstrated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lighting" title="Incandescent lighting" class="mw-redirect">incandescent lighting</a> to the public. Within a matter of weeks of this installation, a power plant was also put into commercial service at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses_Niagara_Power_Plant" title="Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant">Niagara Falls</a>, New York. For many years the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. Operation began locally in 1895 and power was transmitted to Buffalo, New York, in 1896.</li></ul> <ul><li>Decew Falls 1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> completed 25 August 1898. Owned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Power_Generation" title="Ontario Power Generation">Ontario Power Generation</a>. Four units are still operational. Recognized as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering & Computing by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE" class="mw-redirect">IEEE</a> Executive Committee in 2002.</li></ul> <ul><li>Claverack Creek, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stottville,_New_York" title="Stottville, New York">Stottville, New York</a>, believed to be the oldest hydro power site in the United States. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was constructed in 1869 and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water wheel installations in the United States to generate electricity. It is owned today by Edison Hydro.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The oldest continuously-operated commercial hydroelectric plant in the United States is built on the Hudson River at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicville,_New_York" title="Mechanicville, New York">Mechanicville, New York</a>. The seven 750 kW units at this station initially supplied power at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a> of 38 Hz, but later were increased in speed to 40 Hz. It went into commercial service July 22,1898. It is now being restored to its original condition and remains in commercial operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The oldest continuously-operated hydroelectric generator in Canada is located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen,_New_Brunswick" title="St. Stephen, New Brunswick">St. Stephen, New Brunswick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Part of the construction of the Milltown Cotton Mill, this rope-driven generator originally powered the electric lights for the mill when it opened in 1882, and in 1888 started providing power to homes in the town. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NB_Power" title="NB Power">NB Power</a> now owns and operates this as part of the Milltown Dam hydroelectric station.</li></ul> <p><a name="Southern_hemisphere" id="Southern_hemisphere"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Southern hemisphere</span></h3> <ul><li>A small hydroelectric station, generating 650 kW, opened at Waratah, Tasmania, in 1885</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Reach_Power_Station,_Tasmania" title="Duck Reach Power Station, Tasmania">Duck Reach</a>, Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of Launceston for street lighting.</li><li>Chivilingo was the first hydroelectric plant in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and the second in South America. With first power produced in 1897, it has two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheel</a> turbines each turning a 215 kW generator. It was installed to provide power to mines and the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lota,_Chile" title="Lota, Chile">Lota, Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>The Snowy Mountains Scheme has turbines all along the tunnel so it, in some perspectives it is also another hydroelectric station. However it only operates during peak hours of the day and mostly during the evening and early night. It supplies electricity to all over the state of NSW.</li></ul> <p><a name="Major_schemes_under_construction" id="Major_schemes_under_construction"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Major schemes under construction</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image" title="Text document with red question mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" border="0" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This section includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>. <small><i>(August 2008)</i></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Only projects with generating capacity greater than or equal to 2,000 MW are listed.</p> <table id="sortable_table_id_1" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Maximum Capacity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Country <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Construction started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Scheduled completion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Comments <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></td> <td>22,500 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>December 14, 1994</td> <td>2011</td> <td>Largest power plant in the world. First power in July 2003, with 12,600 MW installed by October 2007.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiluodu_Dam" title="Xiluodu Dam">Xiluodu Dam</a></td> <td>12,600 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>December 26, 2005</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Construction once stopped due to lack of environmental impact study.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siang_Upper_HE_Project" title="Siang Upper HE Project" class="mw-redirect">Siang Upper HE Project</a></td> <td>11,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>April, 2009</td> <td>2024</td> <td>Multi-phase construction over a period of 15 years. Construction was delayed due to dispute with China.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangjiaba_Dam" title="Xiangjiaba Dam">Xiangjiaba Dam</a></td> <td>6,400 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>November 26, 2006</td> <td>2015</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtan_Dam" title="Longtan Dam">Longtan Dam</a></td> <td>6,300 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>July 1, 2001</td> <td>December 2009</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuozhadu_Dam" title="Nuozhadu Dam">Nuozhadu Dam</a></td> <td>5,850 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td>2017</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinping_2_Hydropower_Station" title="Jinping 2 Hydropower Station">Jinping 2 Hydropower Station</a></td> <td>4,800 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>January 30, 2007</td> <td>2014</td> <td>To build this dam, 23 families and 129 local residents need to be moved. It works with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinping_1_Hydropower_Station" title="Jinping 1 Hydropower Station">Jinping 1 Hydropower Station</a> as a group.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxiwa_Dam" title="Laxiwa Dam">Laxiwa Dam</a></td> <td>4,200 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>April 18, 2006</td> <td>2010</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaowan_Dam" title="Xiaowan Dam">Xiaowan Dam</a></td> <td>4,200 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>January 1, 2002</td> <td>December 2012</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinping_1_Hydropower_Station" title="Jinping 1 Hydropower Station">Jinping 1 Hydropower Station</a></td> <td>3,600 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>November 11, 2005</td> <td>2014</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubugou_Dam" title="Pubugou Dam">Pubugou Dam</a></td> <td>3,300 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>March 30, 2004</td> <td>2010</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goupitan_Dam" title="Goupitan Dam">Goupitan Dam</a></td> <td>3,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>November 8, 2003</td> <td>2011</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanyinyan_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanyinyan Dam (page does not exist)">Guanyinyan Dam</a></td> <td>3,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2008</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Construction of the roads and spillway started.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lianghekou_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lianghekou Dam (page does not exist)">Lianghekou Dam</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2015</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boguchan_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boguchan Dam (page does not exist)">Boguchan Dam</a></td> <td>3,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1980</td> <td>2012</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapet%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapetón (page does not exist)">Chapetón</a></td> <td>3,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagangshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagangshan (page does not exist)">Dagangshan</a></td> <td>2,600 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>August 15, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2014</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinanqiao_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinanqiao Dam (page does not exist)">Jinanqiao Dam</a></td> <td>2,400 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>December 2006</td> <td>2010</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guandi_Dam" title="Guandi Dam">Guandi Dam</a></td> <td>2,400 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>Novermber 11 2007</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liyuan_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liyuan Dam (page does not exist)">Liyuan Dam</a></td> <td>2,400 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-20" title=""><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tocoma_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tocoma Dam (page does not exist)">Tocoma Dam</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_%28state%29" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar State</a></td> <td>2,160 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td>2014</td> <td>This new power plant would be the last development in the Low Caroni Basin, bringing the total to six power plants on the same river, including the 10,000MW <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_%28Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%29" title="Guri (Simón Bolívar)">Guri Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-21" title=""><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludila_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludila Dam (page does not exist)">Ludila Dam</a></td> <td>2,100 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>2015</td> <td>River diversion will begin in 2009.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureya_Dam" title="Bureya Dam">Bureya Dam</a></td> <td>2,010 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1978</td> <td>2009</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuangjiangkou_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuangjiangkou Dam (page does not exist)">Shuangjiangkou Dam</a></td> <td>2,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>December, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-22" title=""><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br /></td> <td>The dam will be 314 m high.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahai_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahai Dam (page does not exist)">Ahai Dam</a></td> <td>2,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>July 27, 2006</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Subansiri_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Subansiri Dam (page does not exist)">Lower Subansiri Dam</a></td> <td>2,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td>2009</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Proposed_major_hydroelectric_projects" id="Proposed_major_hydroelectric_projects"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Proposed major hydroelectric projects</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image" title="Text document with red question mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" border="0" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This section includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>. <small><i>(August 2008)</i></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Only projects with generating capacity greater than or equal to 2,000 MW are listed.</p> <table id="sortable_table_id_2" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Maximum Capacity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Country <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Construction starts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Scheduled completion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Comments <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_dam" title="Red Sea dam">Red Sea dam</a></td> <td>50,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Still in planning, would be largest dam in the world</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Dam" title="Inga Dam">Grand Inga</a></td> <td>40,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baihetan_Dam" title="Baihetan Dam">Baihetan Dam</a></td> <td>13,050 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Still in planning</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudongde_Dam" title="Wudongde Dam">Wudongde Dam</a></td> <td>7,500 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Still in planning</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_Dam" title="Rampart Dam">Rampart Dam</a></td> <td>4,500 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td>Canceled</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maji_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maji Dam (page does not exist)">Maji Dam</a></td> <td>4,200 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2008</td> <td>2013</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songta_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songta Dam (page does not exist)">Songta Dam</a></td> <td>4,200 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2008</td> <td>2013</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liangjiaren_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liangjiaren Dam (page does not exist)">Liangjiaren Dam</a></td> <td>4,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Still in planning</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jirau_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jirau Dam (page does not exist)">Jirau Dam</a></td> <td>3,300 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>2012</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pati_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pati Dam (page does not exist)">Pati Dam</a></td> <td>3,300 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santo Antônio Dam (page does not exist)">Santo Antônio Dam</a></td> <td>3,150 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>2012</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Churchill_Hydroelectric_Generation_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project (page does not exist)">Lower Churchill</a></td> <td>2,800 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2014</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HidroAys%C3%A9n" title="HidroAysén">HidroAysén</a></td> <td>2,750 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td><br /></td> <td>2020</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenggu_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenggu Dam (page does not exist)">Lenggu Dam</a></td> <td>2,718 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subansiri_Upper_HE_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subansiri Upper HE Project (page does not exist)">Subansiri Upper HE Project</a></td> <td>2,500 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changheba_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changheba Dam (page does not exist)">Changheba Dam</a></td> <td>2,200 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2015</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banduo_1_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banduo 1 Dam (page does not exist)">Banduo 1 Dam</a></td> <td>2,000 MW</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Cost" id="Cost"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Cost</span></h2> <p><a name="United_States" id="United_States"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">United States</span></h3> <p>In the United States, a study is required before constructing a hydroelectric project. In 2008, a study could cost up to $50,000 for a 100 feet (30 m) run of a stream. Both federal and state licenses were required. A license typically cost between $150,000 and $1 million. A project earns money from the sale of energy, the sale of capacity, and the sale of renewable energy credits.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-50970977935355292172009-05-18T02:44:00.001-07:002009-05-18T02:48:02.411-07:00<h1 style="text-align: justify;" id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Geothermal power</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;" id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#searchInput">search</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <!-- start content --> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="image" title="The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/280px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="280" height="187" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesjavellir" title="Nesjavellir">Nesjavellir</a> Geothermal Power Plant in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table class="infobox" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></b></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="image" title="Wind Turbine"><img alt="Wind Turbine" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/60px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" border="0" width="60" height="60" /></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a><br /><strong class="selflink">Geothermal</strong><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydropower</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Geothermal power</b> (from the Greek roots <i>geo</i>, meaning earth, and <i>thermos</i>, meaning heat) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28physics%29" title="Power (physics)">power</a> extracted from heat stored in the earth. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_%28geology%29" title="Geothermal (geology)">geothermal energy</a> originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient roman times, but is now better known for generating electricity. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heating</a> capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, and environmentally friendly, but has previously been geographically limited to areas near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate_boundaries" title="Tectonic plate boundaries" class="mw-redirect">tectonic plate boundaries</a>. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for direct applications such as home heating. Geothermal wells tend to release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower than those of conventional fossil fuels. As a result, this technology has the potential to help mitigate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> if widely deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal generator on 4 July 1904, at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello" title="Larderello">Larderello</a> dry steam field in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-100years_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-100years-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The largest group of geothermal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant" title="Power plant" class="mw-redirect">power plants</a> in the world is located at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geysers" title="The Geysers">The Geysers</a>, a geothermal field in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2004, five countries (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">the Philippines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>) generate more than 15% of their electricity from geothermal sources.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Electricity"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Electricity</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Direct_Application"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Direct Application</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Environmental_Impact"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental Impact</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Economics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Resources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Resources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Development_around_the_world"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Development around the world</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Electricity" id="Electricity"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Electricity</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity" title="Geothermal electricity">Geothermal electricity</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Twenty-four countries generated a total of 56,786 GWh (204 PJ) of electricity from geothermal power in 2005, accounting for 0.3% of worldwide electricity consumption. This output is growing by 3% annually, thanks to a growing number of plants as well as improvements in their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factors</a>. Because a geothermal power station does not rely on transient sources of energy, unlike, for example, wind turbines or solar panels, its capacity factor can be quite large; up to 90% has been demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoEfaq_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-USDoEfaq-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Their global average was 73% in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The global capacity was 10 GW in 2007.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_hotspots.JPG" class="image" title="Geothermal electric power plants have been limited to the edges of tectonic plates until recently."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Geothermal_hotspots.JPG/180px-Geothermal_hotspots.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="99" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_hotspots.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Geothermal electric power plants have been limited to the edges of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a> until recently.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal electric plants have until recently been built exclusively on the edges of tectonic plates where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology has opened the hope that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">enhanced geothermal systems</a> might be viable over a much greater geographical range. A demonstration project has recently been completed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau-Pfalz" title="Landau-Pfalz" class="mw-redirect">Landau-Pfalz</a>, Germany, and others are under construction in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" title="Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz-sous-Forêts</a>, France and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Basin" title="Cooper Basin">Cooper Basin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Direct_Application" id="Direct_Application"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Direct Application</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heating</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270 PJ of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heating</a> in 2004. More than half of this energy was used for space heating, and a third was used for heated pools. The remainder was used for industrial and agricultural applications. The global installed capacity was 28 GW, but capacity factors tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter. The above figures include 88 PJ of space heating extracted by an estimated million <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" title="Geothermal heat pump">geothermal heat pumps</a> with a total capacity of 15 GW. Global geothermal heat pump capacity is growing by 10% annually.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Direct application of geothermal heat for space heating is far more efficient than electricity generation and has less demanding temperature requirements. It may come from waste heat supplied by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-generation" title="Co-generation" class="mw-redirect">co-generation</a> from a geothermal electrical plant or from smaller wells or heat exchangers buried in the shallow ground. As a result it is viable over a much greater geographical range than electricity generation. Where natural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs" title="Hot springs" class="mw-redirect">hot springs</a> are available, the water may be piped directly into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiators" title="Radiators" class="mw-redirect">radiators</a>. If the shallow ground is hot but dry, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tubes" title="Earth tubes" class="mw-redirect">earth tubes</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhole_heat_exchanger" title="Downhole heat exchanger">downhole heat exchangers</a> may be used without a heat pump. But even in areas where the shallow ground is too cold to provide comfort directly, it is still warmer than the winter air. Seasonal variations in ground temperature diminish and disappear completely below 10m of depth. That heat can be extracted with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" title="Geothermal heat pump">geothermal heat pump</a> more efficiently than it can be generated by conventional furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-EERE1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-EERE1-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Geothermal heat pumps can be used essentially anywhere.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">There are a wide variety of applications for cheap geothermal heat. The cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> pipe hot water from geothermal plants under roads and pavements to melt snow. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a> applications use networks of piped hot water to heat buildings in whole communities.<sup id="cite_ref-EERE1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-EERE1-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_desalination" title="Geothermal desalination">Geothermal desalination</a> has been demonstrated.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Environmental_Impact" id="Environmental_Impact"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Environmental Impact</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg" class="image" title="Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg/180px-Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krafla_Geothermal_Station.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal fluids drawn from the deep earth may carry a mixture of gases with them, notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. When released to the environment, these pollutants contribute to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, and noxious smells in the vicinity of the plant. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kg of CO<sub>2</sub> per MWh of electricity, a small fraction of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity" class="mw-redirect">emission intensity</a> of conventional fossil fuel plants.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-CO2-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Some are equipped with emissions-controlling systems that reduces the exhaust of acids and volatiles.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to dissolved gases, hot water from geothermal sources may contain trace amounts of dangerous elements such as mercury, arsenic, and antimony which, if disposed of into rivers, can render their water unsafe to drink. Geothermal plants can theoretically inject these substances, along with the gases, back into the earth, in a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Construction of the power plants can adversely affect land stability in the surrounding region. Subsidence has occured in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairakei_field" title="Wairakei field" class="mw-redirect">Wairakei field</a> in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-utilization-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staufen_im_Breisgau" title="Staufen im Breisgau">Staufen im Breisgau</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">Enhanced geothermal systems</a> can trigger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> process. The project in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic event measuring up to 3.4 on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_Scale" title="Richter Scale" class="mw-redirect">Richter Scale</a> occurred over the first 6 days of water injection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal has minimal requirements for land use and freshwater. Existing geothermal plants use 1-8 acres per megawatt (MW) versus 5-10 acres per MW for nuclear operations and 19 acres per MW for coal power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>. They use 20 litres of freshwater per MWh versus over 1000 litres per MWh for nuclear, coal, or oil.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-utilization-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Economics" id="Economics"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Economics</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal power requires no fuel, and is therefore immune to fluctuations in fuel cost, but capital costs tend to be high. Drilling accounts for most of the costs of electrical plants, and exploration of deep resources entails very high financial risks. At present, the construction of a geothermal electric plant and well costs about 2-5 million € per MW of capacity, while operational costs are 0.04-0.10 € per kWh.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertani_10-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-Bertani-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal power offers a degree of scalability: a large geothermal plant can power entire cities while smaller power plants can supply rural villages or heat individual homes.<sup id="cite_ref-SolarNav1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-SolarNav1-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a> is the world's largest producer of geothermal energy. Other companies as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REI" title="REI">Reykjavik Energy Invest</a> build geothermal energy plants around the world. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Resources" id="Resources"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Resources</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermie_Prinzip01.jpg" class="image" title="Enhanced geothermal system"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Geothermie_Prinzip01.jpg/180px-Geothermie_Prinzip01.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="235" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermie_Prinzip01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Enhanced geothermal system</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The heat content of the earth is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E31_J" title="1 E31 J" class="mw-redirect">10<sup>31</sup> Joules</a><sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>. This heat naturally flows up to the surface by conduction at a rate of 40 TW, and is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_13-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-sustainability-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> These flow rates are more than twice the rate of human energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of it is too geographically diffuse (0.1 W/m<sup>2</sup> on average) to be recoverable. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust" class="mw-redirect">Earth's crust</a> effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of magma, water or other) in order to release the heat underneath.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to heat emanating from deep within the Earth, the top 10 m of the ground accumulates solar energy (i.e. warms up) during the summer, and releases that energy (i.e. cools down) during the winter. The seasonal energy stored this way is much smaller in total scale and less dense, but the heat flow rates are much higher, more easily accessible, and evenly distributed around the world. A geothermal heat pump can extract enough heat from shallow ground anywhere in the world to provide wintertime home heating.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Electricity generation requires high temperature resources that can only come from deep underground. The heat must be carried to the surface by fluid circulation, either through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magma_conduit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magma conduit (page does not exist)">magma conduits</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs" title="Hot springs" class="mw-redirect">hot springs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a>, drilled water wells, or a combination of these. This circulation sometimes exists naturally in the most favorable areas where the crust is thin: magma conduits bring the heat close to the surface, and naturally occurring hot springs bridge the last gap to the surface. If no hot spring is available, a well must be drilled into a hot aquifer. Away from tectonic plate boundaries the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermal gradient</a> is 25-30°C per km of depth in most of the world, and wells would have to be drilled several kilometers deep to permit electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The quantity and quality of recoverable resources improves with drilling depth and proximity to tectonic plate boundaries.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In ground that is hot but dry, or where water pressure is inadequate, it is possible to inject a fluid to stimulate production. Two boreholes are bored into a candidate site, and the deep rock between them is fractured by explosives or high pressure water. Water is pumped down one borehole and steam comes up the other. Liquefied carbon dioxide may also be used. This concept is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy" title="Hot dry rock geothermal energy" class="mw-redirect">hot dry rock geothermal energy</a> in Europe, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_systems" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">enhanced geothermal systems</a> in North America. A much greater resource potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Energy_Potential_2009.JPG" class="image" title="At present, only a small percentage of the total potential power is effectively used"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Geothermal_Energy_Potential_2009.JPG/180px-Geothermal_Energy_Potential_2009.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="58" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Energy_Potential_2009.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> At present, only a small percentage of the total potential power is effectively used</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary greatly from 35 to 2000 GW, depending on the scale of financial investments in exploration and technology development.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> This does not include non-electric heat recovered by co-generation, geothermal heat pumps and other direct use. A 2006 report by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT" class="mw-redirect">MIT</a>, that took into account the use of enhanced geothermal system, estimated that an investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years would permit the development of 100 GW of generating capacity by 2050 in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-INEL_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-INEL-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> The MIT report estimated that over 200 ZJ would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements - sufficient to provide all the world's present energy needs for several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INEL_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-INEL-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">At present, geothermal wells are rarely more than 3km deep.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 km. Drilling at this depth is now possible in the petroleum industry, although it is an expensive process. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> has announced an 11-kilometre (7 mi) hole at the Chayvo field, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin-I" title="Sakhalin-I">Sakhalin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> and a 12 km well has been reported on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_peninsula" title="Kola peninsula" class="mw-redirect">Kola peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Wells drilled to depths greater than 4 kilometres (2 mi) generally incur drilling costs in the tens of millions of dollars.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The technological challenges are to drill wide bores at low cost and to break rock over larger volumes.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal power is considered to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a><sup id="cite_ref-USDoEfaq_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-USDoEfaq-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> because the heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content, but extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, individual wells may cool down or run out of water. The three oldest sites, at Larderello, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairakei#Geothermal_field" title="Wairakei">Wairakei</a>, and the Geysers have all reduced production from their peaks. It is not clear whether these plants extracted energy faster than it was replenished from greater depths, or whether the aquifers supplying them are being depleted. If production is reduced, and water is reinjected, these wells could theoretically recover their full potential. These mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites. The long-term sustainability of geothermal energy production has been demonstrated at the Lardarello field in Italy since 1913, at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958, and at The Geysers field in California since 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoEfaq_3-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-USDoEfaq-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs" title="Hot springs" class="mw-redirect">Hot springs</a> have been used for bathing at least since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-eere_18-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-eere-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The oldest known spa is a stone pool on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisan_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisan mountain (page does not exist)">Lisan mountain</a> built in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty" class="mw-redirect">Qin dynasty</a> in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaqing_Chi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huaqing Chi (page does not exist)">Huaqing Chi</a> palace was later built. In the first century AD, Romans conquered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Sulis" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Sulis</a> and used the hot springs there to feed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">public baths</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">underfloor heating</a>. The admission fees for these baths probably represents the first commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudes-Aigues" title="Chaudes-Aigues">Chaudes-Aigues</a>, France, has been operating since the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-utilization_6-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-utilization-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_mud" title="Volcanic mud" class="mw-redirect">volcanic mud</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larderello" title="Larderello">Larderello</a>, Italy.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1892, America's first district heating system in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a> was powered directly by geothermal energy, and was soon copied in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon" title="Klamath Falls, Oregon">Klamath Falls, Oregon</a> in 1900. A deep geothermal well was used to heat greenhouses in Boise in 1926, and geysers were used to heat greenhouses in Iceland at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Charlie Lieb developed the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhole_heat_exchanger" title="Downhole heat exchanger">downhole heat exchanger</a> in 1930 to heat his house. Steam and hot water from geysers were used to heat homes in Iceland starting in 1943.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_capacity.svg" class="image" title="Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity;[11] lower green line is realized production.[1]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Geothermal_capacity.svg/180px-Geothermal_capacity.svg.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="108" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_capacity.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity;<sup id="cite_ref-Bertani_10-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-Bertani-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> lower green line is realized production.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_0-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-IPCC-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The 20th century saw the rise of electricity, and geothermal power was immediately seen as a possible generating source. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the same Larderello dry steam field where geothermal acid extraction began. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-20" title=""><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. It was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958, when New Zealand built a plant of its own.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">At this point, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> had long ago been invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin" class="mw-redirect">Lord Kelvin</a> in 1852, and the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground had been patented in Switzerland in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-21" title=""><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> But it was not until 1940's that the idea was successfully implemented. The first commercial geothermal heat pump was designed by J.D. Krocker to heat the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Building_%28Portland,_Oregon%29" title="Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon)">Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon)</a> in 1946, and Professor Carl Nielsen of Ohio State University built the first residential heat pump two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-eere_18-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-eere-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The technology became popular in Sweden as a result of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and has been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then. The development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">polybutylene</a> pipe in 1979 greatly augmented its economic viability.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomquist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-bloomquist-22" title=""><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2004, there are over a million geothermal heat pumps installed worldwide providing 12 GW of thermal capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-world_23-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-world-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Each year, about 80,000 units are installed in the USA and 27,000 in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-world_23-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-world-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the United States at The Geysers. The original turbine installed lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt" title="Megawatt" class="mw-redirect">MW</a> net power. The Geysers are currently owned by four companies: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpine" title="Calpine">Calpine Corporation</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California_Power_Agency" title="Northern California Power Agency">Northern California Power Agency</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottlerock_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bottlerock Power (page does not exist)">Bottlerock Power</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_GeoPower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western GeoPower (page does not exist)">Western GeoPower</a>. They currently produce over 750 MW of power, making them the largest geothermal development in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-eere_18-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-eere-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The binary cycle power plant was first demonstrated in 1967 in Russia and later introduced to the USA in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-100years_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-100years-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> This technology allows the use of much lower temperature geothermal fields that were previously unrecoverable. In 2006, a binary cycle plant in Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, came on-line, producing electricity from a record low geothermal fluid temperature of 57°C.<sup id="cite_ref-Chena_24-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-Chena-24" title=""><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Development_around_the_world" id="Development_around_the_world"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Development around the world</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal electricity is generated in 24 countries around the world including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">The Netherlands</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>. During 2005, contracts were placed for an additional 0.5 GW of electrical capacity in the United States, while there were also plants under construction in 11 other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-INEL_14-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#cite_note-INEL-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> A number of potential sites are being developed or evaluated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">South Australia</a> that are several kilometres in depth. When direct use is included, geothermal power is used in over 70 countries.</p>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7389013776412093670.post-25105287878846674362009-05-18T02:38:00.000-07:002009-05-18T02:43:55.780-07:00<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Fuel cell</h1> <h3 style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#searchInput">search</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <!-- start content --> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="dablink">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_%28disambiguation%29" title="Fuel cell (disambiguation)">Fuel cell (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" class="image" title="Direct-methanol fuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered bi-cubic structure in the center of the image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/250px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="250" height="318" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-methanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct-methanol fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">Direct-methanol fuel cell</a>. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered bi-cubic structure in the center of the image</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">A <b>fuel cell</b> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> conversion device. It produces electricity from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> (on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> side) and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidant</a> (on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> side), which react in the presence of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Fuel cells are different from electrochemical cell <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> in that they consume reactant from an external source, which must be replenished <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> -- a thermodynamically <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system" title="Thermodynamic system">open system</a>. By contrast batteries store electrical energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed system.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Many combinations of fuel and oxidant are possible. A hydrogen cell uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> as fuel and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (usually from air) as oxidant. Other fuels include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcohols</a>. Other oxidants include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">chlorine dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_design"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Fuel cell design</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Proton_exchange_fuel_cells"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proton exchange fuel cells</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Oxygen_ion_exchange_fuel_cells"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Oxygen ion exchange fuel cells</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell_design_issues"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Proton exchange membrane fuel cell design issues</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Types_of_fuel_cells"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types of fuel cells</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Efficiency"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Efficiency</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_efficiency"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fuel cell efficiency</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#In_practice"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">In practice</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Fuel cell applications</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Suggested_applications"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Suggested applications</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Hydrogen_transportation_and_refueling"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hydrogen transportation and refueling</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Market_structure"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Market structure</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Hydrogen_economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Hydrogen economy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Research_and_development"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Research and development</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Fuel_cell_design" id="Fuel_cell_design"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fuel cell design">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Fuel cell design</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">A fuel cell works by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a>, separating the component <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> of the reactant fuel, and forcing the electrons to travel through a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">circuit</a>, hence converting them to electrical power. The catalyst typically comprises a platinum group metal or alloy. Another catalytic process puts the electrons back in, combining them with the protons and oxidant to form waste products (typically simple compounds like water and carbon dioxide).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0.6 V to 0.7 V at full rated load. Voltage decreases as current increases, due to several factors:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpotential" title="Overpotential">Activation loss</a></li><li>Ohmic loss (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drop" title="Voltage drop">voltage drop</a> due to resistance of the cell components and interconnects)</li><li>Mass transport loss (depletion of reactants at catalyst sites under high loads, causing rapid loss of voltage)<sup id="cite_ref-Larminie2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-Larminie2003-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">To deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">series and parallel circuits</a>, where series yield higher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, and parallel allows a stronger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> to be drawn. Such a design is called a <i>fuel cell stack</i>. Further, the cell surface area can be increased, to allow stronger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> from each cell.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Proton_exchange_fuel_cells" id="Proton_exchange_fuel_cells"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proton exchange fuel cells">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Proton exchange fuel cells</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In the archetypal hydrogen–oxygen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">proton exchange membrane fuel cell</a> (PEMFC) design, a proton-conducting polymer membrane, (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>), separates the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> sides. This was called a "solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell" (SPEFC) in the early 1970s, before the proton exchange mechanism was well-understood. (Notice that "polymer electrolyte membrane" and "proton exchange mechanism" result in the same <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym" class="mw-redirect">acronym</a>.)</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">On the anode side, hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst where it later dissociates into protons and electrons. These protons often react with oxidants causing them to become what is commonly referred to as multi-facilitated proton membranes (MFPM). The protons are conducted through the membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the membrane is electrically insulating. On the cathode catalyst, oxygen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> react with the electrons (which have traveled through the external circuit) and protons to form water — in this example, the only waste product, either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">liquid</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">vapor</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> fuels for fuel cells, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel">diesel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (<i>see:</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-methanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct-methanol fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">direct-methanol fuel cells</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Indirect methanol fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">indirect methanol fuel cells</a>) and chemical hydrides. The waste products with these types of fuel are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PEM_fuelcell.svg" class="image" title="Construction of a high temperature PEMFC: Bipolar plate as electrode with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive plastics (enhanced with carbon nanotubes for more conductivity); Porous carbon papers; reactive layer, usually on the polymer membrane applied; polymer membrane."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/PEM_fuelcell.svg/400px-PEM_fuelcell.svg.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="400" height="327" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PEM_fuelcell.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Construction of a high temperature <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">PEMFC</a>: Bipolar plate as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> (enhanced with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> for more conductivity); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous" title="Porous" class="mw-redirect">Porous</a> carbon papers; reactive layer, usually on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> membrane applied; polymer membrane.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation.jpg" class="image" title="Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall. The gold wire around the cell ensures the collection of electric current.[4]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Condensation.jpg/400px-Condensation.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="400" height="146" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall. The gold wire around the cell ensures the collection of electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The materials used in fuel cells differ by type. In a typical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_electrode_assembly" title="Membrane electrode assembly">membrane electrode assembly</a> (MEA), the electrode–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar" title="Bipolar">bipolar</a> plates are usually made of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>, and are coated with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class="mw-redirect">catalyst</a> (like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_iron_powder" title="Nano iron powder">nano iron powders</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>) for higher efficiency. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon paper</a> separates them from the electrolyte. The electrolyte could be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membrane" title="Artificial membrane">membrane</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Oxygen_ion_exchange_fuel_cells" id="Oxygen_ion_exchange_fuel_cells"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oxygen ion exchange fuel cells">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Oxygen ion exchange fuel cells</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_oxide_fuel_cell" title="Solid oxide fuel cell">solid oxide fuel cell</a> design, the anode and cathode are separated by an electrolyte that is conductive to oxygen ions but non-conductive to electrons. The electrolyte is typically made from zirconia doped with yttria.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">On the cathode side, oxygen catalytically reacts with a supply of electrons to become oxygen ions, which diffuse through the electrolyte to the anode side. On the anode side, the oxygen ions react with hydrogen to form water and free electrons. A load connected externally between the anode and cathode completes the electrical circuit.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the most efficient type of fuel cell, and also the most fuel-flexible.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since March 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> That is, they can directly utilize a wide variety of commonly-available fuels, including natural gas, biogas, ethanol, methanol, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and synthesis gas produced from coal or natural gas, without the thorough and extensive purification required for low-temperature fuel cells.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell_design_issues" id="Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell_design_issues"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell design issues">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Proton exchange membrane fuel cell design issues</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><li>Costs. In 2002, typical cells had a catalyst content of US$1000 per kilowatt of electric power output. In 2008 UTC Power has 400kW Fuel cells for $1,000,000 per 400kW installed costs. The goal is to reduce the cost in order to compete with current market technologies including gasoline internal combustion engines. Many companies are working on techniques to reduce cost in a variety of ways including reducing the amount of platinum needed in each individual cell. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Power_Systems" title="Ballard Power Systems">Ballard Power Systems</a> have experiments with a catalyst enhanced with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_silk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon silk (page does not exist)">carbon silk</a> which allows a 30% reduction (1 mg/cm² to 0.7 mg/cm²) in platinum usage without reduction in performance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%283,4-ethylenedioxythiophene%29" title="Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)">PEDOT</a> instead of platinum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>The production costs of the PEM (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane" title="Proton exchange membrane">proton exchange membrane</a>). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a> membrane currently costs €400/m². In 2005 Ballard Power Systems announced that its fuel cells will use Solupor, a porous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> film patented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM_%28company%29" title="DSM (company)">DSM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patent-solupor_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-patent-solupor-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Water and air management<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> (in PEMFCs). In this type of fuel cell, the membrane must be hydrated, requiring water to be evaporated at precisely the same rate that it is produced. If water is evaporated too quickly, the membrane dries, resistance across it increases, and eventually it will crack, creating a gas "short circuit" where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly, generating heat that will damage the fuel cell. If the water is evaporated too slowly, the electrodes will flood, preventing the reactants from reaching the catalyst and stopping the reaction. Methods to manage water in cells are being developed like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroosmotic_pump" title="Electroosmotic pump">electroosmotic pumps</a> focusing on flow control. Just as in a combustion engine, a steady ratio between the reactant and oxygen is necessary to keep the fuel cell operating efficiently.</li><li>Temperature management. The same temperature must be maintained throughout the cell in order to prevent destruction of the cell through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_loading" title="Thermal loading" class="mw-redirect">thermal loading</a>. This is particularly challenging as the 2H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> -> 2H<sub>2</sub>O reaction is highly exothermic, so a large quantity of heat is generated within the fuel cell.</li><li>Durability, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a>, and special requirements for some type of cells. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_fuel_cell_applications" title="Stationary fuel cell applications">Stationary fuel cell applications</a> typically require more than 40,000 hours of reliable operation at a temperature of -35 °C to 40 °C (-31 °F to 104 °F), while automotive fuel cells require a 5,000 hour lifespan (the equivalent of 150,000 miles) under extreme temperatures. Current <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> is 7,300 hours under cycling conditions<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>. Automotive engines must also be able to start reliably at -30 °C (-22 °F) and have a high power to volume ratio (typically 2.5 kW per liter).</li><li>Limited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> tolerance of the cathode.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1839_William_Grove_Fuel_Cell.jpg" class="image" title="Sketch of William Grove's 1839 fuel cell"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1839_William_Grove_Fuel_Cell.jpg/180px-1839_William_Grove_Fuel_Cell.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="205" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1839_William_Grove_Fuel_Cell.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Sketch of William Grove's 1839 fuel cell</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Christian Friedrich Schönbein</a> in 1838 and published in one of the scientific magazines of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Based on this work, the first fuel cell was demonstrated by Welsh scientist and barrister Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Grove" title="William Robert Grove">William Robert Grove</a> in the February 1839 edition of the <i>Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> and later sketched, in 1842, in the same journal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric-acid_fuel_cell" title="Phosphoric-acid fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">phosphoric-acid fuel cell</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In 1955, W. Thomas Grubb, a chemist working for the General Electric Company (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE" title="GE" class="mw-redirect">GE</a>), further modified the original fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte. Three years later another GE chemist, Leonard Niedrach, devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, which served as catalyst for the necessary hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. This became known as the 'Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell'. GE went on to develop this technology with NASA and McDonnell Aircraft, leading to its use during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>. This was the first commercial use of a fuel cell. It wasn't until 1959 that British engineer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Thomas_Bacon" title="Francis Thomas Bacon">Francis Thomas Bacon</a> successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell. In 1959, a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 kW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers which was demonstrated across the US at state fairs. This system used potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">compressed hydrogen</a> and oxygen as the reactants. Later in 1959, Bacon and his colleagues demonstrated a practical five-kilowatt unit capable of powering a welding machine. In the 1960s, Pratt and Whitney licensed Bacon's U.S. patents for use in the U.S. space program to supply electricity and drinking water (hydrogen and oxygen being readily available from the spacecraft tanks).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation" title="United Technologies Corporation">United Technologies Corporation</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC_Power" title="UTC Power">UTC Power</a> subsidiary was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-generation" title="Co-generation" class="mw-redirect">co-generation</a> power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. UTC Power continues to market this fuel cell as the PureCell 200, a 200 kW system (although soon to be replaced by a 400 kW version, expected for sale in late 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> UTC Power continues to be the sole supplier of fuel cells to NASA for use in space vehicles, having supplied the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_mission" title="Apollo mission" class="mw-redirect">Apollo missions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> and currently the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>, and is developing fuel cells for automobiles, buses, and cell phone towers; the company has demonstrated the first fuel cell capable of starting under freezing conditions with its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane" title="Proton exchange membrane">proton exchange membrane</a> automotive fuel cell.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Types_of_fuel_cells" id="Types_of_fuel_cells"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of fuel cells">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Types of fuel cells</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table style="text-align: left; font-family: lucida grande; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fuel Cell Name</th> <th>Electrolyte</th> <th>Qualified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Power</a> (W)</th> <th>Working <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> (°C)</th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_efficiency" title="Electrical efficiency">Electrical efficiency</a></th> <th>Status</th> <th>Cost per Watt</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_hydride_fuel_cell" title="Metal hydride fuel cell">Metal hydride fuel cell</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous" title="Aqueous" class="mw-redirect">Aqueous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> solution (e.g.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">above -20<br />(50% P<sub>peak</sub> @ 0°C)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Commercial/Research</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-galvanic_fuel_cell" title="Electro-galvanic fuel cell">Electro-galvanic fuel cell</a></td> <td>Aqueous alkaline solution (e.g., potassium hydroxide)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 40</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formic_acid_fuel_cell" title="Formic acid fuel cell">Direct formic acid fuel cell</a> (DFAFC)</td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer)</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">to 50 W</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 40</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc-air_battery" title="Zinc-air battery">Zinc-air battery</a></td> <td>Aqueous alkaline solution (e.g., potassium hydroxide)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 40</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-yes2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_fuel_cell" title="Microbial fuel cell">Microbial fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid" title="Humic acid">humic acid</a></td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 40</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh">Upflow microbial fuel cell (UMFC)</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 40</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_fuel_cell" title="Regenerative fuel cell">Regenerative fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionomer" title="Ionomer">ionomer</a>)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 50</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_borohydride_fuel_cell" title="Direct borohydride fuel cell">Direct borohydride fuel cell</a></td> <td>Aqueous alkaline solution (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">70</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Commercial</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_fuel_cell" title="Alkaline fuel cell">Alkaline fuel cell</a></td> <td>Aqueous alkaline solution (e.g., potassium hydroxide)</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">10 kW to 100 kW</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">under 80</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 60–70%<br />System: 62%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct methanol fuel cell">Direct methanol fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer)</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">100 kW to 1 MW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">90–120</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 20–30%<br />System: 10–20%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Reformed methanol fuel cell">Reformed methanol fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer)</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">5 W to 100 kW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">(Reformer)250–300<br />(PBI)125–200</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 50–60%<br />System: 25–40%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-ethanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct-ethanol fuel cell">Direct-ethanol fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer)</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">up to 140 mW/cm²</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">above 25<br />? 90–120</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_formic_acid_fuel_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct formic acid fuel cell (page does not exist)">Direct formic acid fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer)</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">25+</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">Proton exchange membrane fuel cell</a></td> <td>Polymer membrane (ionomer) (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybenzimidazole_fiber" title="Polybenzimidazole fiber">Polybenzimidazole fiber</a>)</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">100 W to 500 kW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">(Nafion)50–120<br />(PBI)125–220</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 50–70%<br />System: 30–50%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Battery#Classes_of_flow_batteries" title="Flow Battery" class="mw-redirect">RFC - Redox</a></td> <td>Liquid electrolytes with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> shuttle & polymer membrane (Ionomer)</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">1 kW to 10 MW</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid_fuel_cell" title="Phosphoric acid fuel cell">Phosphoric acid fuel cell</a></td> <td>Molten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">up to 10 MW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">150-200</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 55%<br />System: 40%<br />Co-Gen: 90%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> <td>$4–$4.50 per watt</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_carbonate_fuel_cell" title="Molten carbonate fuel cell">Molten carbonate fuel cell</a></td> <td>Molten alkaline <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> NaHCO<sub>3</sub>)</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">100 MW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">600-650</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 55%<br />System: 47%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_solid_oxide_fuel_cell" title="Tubular solid oxide fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">Tubular solid oxide fuel cell</a> (TSOFC)</td> <td>O<sup>2-</sup>-conducting ceramic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, ZrO<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>up to 100 MW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">850-1100</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 60–65%<br />System: 55–60%</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonic_ceramic_fuel_cell" title="Protonic ceramic fuel cell">Protonic ceramic fuel cell</a></td> <td>H<sup>+</sup>-conducting ceramic oxide</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">700</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_carbon_fuel_cell" title="Direct carbon fuel cell">Direct carbon fuel cell</a></td> <td>Several different</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">700-850</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 80%<br />System: 70%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh">Planar Solid oxide fuel cell</td> <td>O<sup>2-</sup>-conducting ceramic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, ZrO<sub>2</sub> Lanthanum Nickel Oxide La<sub>2</sub>XO<sub>4</sub>,X= Ni,Co, Cu.)</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">up to 100 MW</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">850-1100</td> <td style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;">Cell: 60–65%<br />System: 55–60%</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;" class="table-partial">Commercial/Research</td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Efficiency" id="Efficiency"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Efficiency">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Efficiency</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Fuel_cell_efficiency" id="Fuel_cell_efficiency"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fuel cell efficiency">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Fuel cell efficiency</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The efficiency of a fuel cell is dependent on the amount of power drawn from it. Drawing more power means drawing more current, which increases the losses in the fuel cell. As a general rule, the more power (current) drawn, the lower the efficiency. Most losses manifest themselves as a voltage drop in the cell, so the efficiency of a cell is almost proportional to its voltage. For this reason, it is common to show graphs of voltage versus current (so-called polarization curves) for fuel cells. A typical cell running at 0.7 V has an efficiency of about 50%, meaning that 50% of the energy content of the hydrogen is converted into electrical energy; the remaining 50% will be converted into heat. (Depending on the fuel cell system design, some fuel might leave the system unreacted, constituting an additional loss.)</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">For a hydrogen cell operating at standard conditions with no reactant leaks, the efficiency is equal to the cell voltage divided by 1.48 V, based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a>, or heating value, of the reaction. For the same cell, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_efficiency" title="Second law efficiency" class="mw-redirect">second law efficiency</a> is equal to cell voltage divided by 1.23 V. (This voltage varies with fuel used, and quality and temperature of the cell.) The difference between these numbers represents the difference between the reaction's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a>. This difference always appears as heat, along with any losses in electrical conversion efficiency.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Fuel cells do not operate on a thermal cycle. As such, they are not constrained, as combustion engines are, in the same way by thermodynamic limits, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a> efficiency. At times this is misrepresented by saying that fuel cells are exempt from the laws of thermodynamics, because most people think of thermodynamics in terms of combustion processes (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_formation" title="Enthalpy of formation" class="mw-redirect">enthalpy of formation</a>). The laws of thermodynamics also hold for chemical processes (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a>) like fuel cells, but the maximum theoretical efficiency is higher (83% efficient at 298K <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>) than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle" class="mw-redirect">Otto cycle</a> thermal efficiency (60% for compression ratio of 10 and specific heat ratio of 1.4). Comparing limits imposed by thermodynamics is not a good predictor of practically achievable efficiencies. Also, if propulsion is the goal, electrical output of the fuel cell has to still be converted into mechanical power with the corresponding inefficiency. In reference to the exemption claim, the correct claim is that the "limitations imposed by the second law of thermodynamics on the operation of fuel cells are much less severe than the limitations imposed on conventional energy conversion systems".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Consequently, they can have very high efficiencies in converting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy" class="mw-redirect">chemical energy</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy" class="mw-redirect">electrical energy</a>, especially when they are operated at low power density, and using pure hydrogen and oxygen as reactants.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="In_practice" id="In_practice"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In practice">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In practice</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">For a fuel cell operating on air (rather than bottled oxygen), losses due to the air supply system must also be taken into account. This refers to the pressurization of the air and dehumidifying it. This reduces the efficiency significantly and brings it near to that of a compression ignition engine. Furthermore fuel cell efficiency decreases as load increases.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The tank-to-wheel efficiency of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell vehicle</a> is about 45% at low loads and shows average values of about 36% when a driving cycle like the NEDC (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Driving_Cycle" title="New European Driving Cycle">New European Driving Cycle</a>) is used as test procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-status2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-status2007-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The comparable NEDC value for a Diesel vehicle is 22%. In 2008 Honda released a car with fuel stack claiming a 60% tank-to-wheel efficiency <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">It is also important to take losses due to fuel production, transportation, and storage into account. Fuel cell vehicles running on compressed hydrogen may have a power-plant-to-wheel efficiency of 22% if the hydrogen is stored as high-pressure gas, and 17% if it is stored as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to the production losses, over 70% of US' electricity, used for hydrogen production, comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power" title="Thermal power" class="mw-redirect">thermal power</a>, which only has an efficiency of 33% to 48% resulting in a net increase in carbon dioxide production by using hydrogen in vehicles<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Fuel cells cannot store energy like a battery, but in some applications, such as stand-alone power plants based on discontinuous sources such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, they are combined with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolyzers</a> and storage systems to form an energy storage system. The overall efficiency (electricity to hydrogen and back to electricity) of such plants (known as <i>round-trip efficiency</i>) is between 30 and 50%, depending on conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-20" title=""><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> While a much cheaper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" title="Lead-acid battery">lead-acid battery</a> might return about 90%, the electrolyzer/fuel cell system can store indefinite quantities of hydrogen, and is therefore better suited for long-term storage.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Solid-oxide fuel cells produce exothermic heat from the recombination of the oxygen and hydrogen. The ceramic can run as hot as 800 degrees Celsius. This heat can be captured and used to heat water in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">micro combined heat and power</a> (m-CHP) application. When the heat is captured, total efficiency can reach 80-90% at the unit, but does not consider production and distribution losses. CHP units are being developed today for the European home market.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Fuel_cell_applications" id="Fuel_cell_applications"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fuel cell applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Fuel cell applications</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="rellink">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_fuel_cell_applications" title="Stationary fuel cell applications">Stationary fuel cell applications</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_fuel_cell_applications" title="Portable fuel cell applications">Portable fuel cell applications</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg" class="image" title="Type 212 submarine with fuel cell propulsion of the German Navy in dry dock"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg/250px-U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="250" height="103" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_212_submarine" title="Type 212 submarine">Type 212 submarine</a> with fuel cell propulsion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> in dry dock</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die_Hydra_in_Leipzig_I.jpg" class="image" title="The world's first certified Fuel Cell Boat (HYDRA), in Leipzig/Germany"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Die_Hydra_in_Leipzig_I.jpg/250px-Die_Hydra_in_Leipzig_I.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="250" height="128" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die_Hydra_in_Leipzig_I.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The world's first certified Fuel Cell Boat (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28ship%29" title="Hydra (ship)">HYDRA</a>), in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight, and have no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-21" title=""><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> This equates to around one minute of down time in a two year period.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro combined heat and power</a> systems such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_fuel_cell" title="Home fuel cell">home fuel cells</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> for office buildings and factories are in mass production phase. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_fuel_cell_applications" title="Stationary fuel cell applications">stationary fuel cell application</a> generates constant electric power (selling excess power back to the grid when it is not consumed), and at the same time produces hot air and water from the waste heat. A lower fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency is tolerated (typically 15-20%), because most of the energy not converted into electricity is utilized as heat. Some heat is lost with the exhaust gas just as in a normal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace" title="Furnace">furnace</a>, so the combined heat and power efficiency is still lower than 100%, typically around 80%. In terms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">exergy</a> however, the process is inefficient, and one could do better by maximizing the electricity generated and then using the electricity to drive a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric-acid_fuel_cell" title="Phosphoric-acid fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">Phosphoric-acid fuel cells</a> (PAFC) comprise the largest segment of existing CHP products worldwide and can provide combined efficiencies close to 90%<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-22" title=""><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> (35-50% electric + remainder as thermal) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten-carbonate_fuel_cell" title="Molten-carbonate fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">Molten-carbonate fuel cells</a> have also been installed in these applications, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-oxide_fuel_cell" title="Solid-oxide fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">solid-oxide fuel cell</a> prototypes exist.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Since electrolyzer systems do not store fuel in themselves, but rather rely on external storage units, they can be successfully applied in large-scale energy storage, rural areas being one example. In this application, batteries would have to be largely oversized to meet the storage demand, but fuel cells only need a larger storage unit (typically cheaper than an electrochemical device).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">One such pilot program is operating on Stuart Island in Washington State. There the Stuart Island Energy Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> has built a complete, closed-loop system: Solar panels power an electrolyzer which makes hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored in a 500 gallon tank at 200 PSI, and runs a ReliOn fuel cell to provide full electric back-up to the off-the-grid residence. The SIEI website gives extensive technical details.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The world's first Fuel Cell Boat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28ship%29" title="Hydra (ship)">HYDRA</a> used an AFC system with 6.5 kW net output.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Suggested_applications" id="Suggested_applications"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suggested applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Suggested applications</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_plant" title="Base load power plant">Base load power plants</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power" title="Auxiliary power" class="mw-redirect">Auxiliary power</a></li><li>Off-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">grid</a> power supply</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_computers" title="Notebook computers" class="mw-redirect">Notebook computers</a> for applications where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> charging may not be available for weeks at a time.</li><li>Portable charging docks for small electronics (e.g. a belt clip that charges your <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone" title="Cell phone" class="mw-redirect">cell phone</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a>).</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones" title="Smartphones" class="mw-redirect">Smartphones</a> with high power consumption due to large displays and additional features like GPS might be equipped with micro fuel cells.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Hydrogen_transportation_and_refueling" id="Hydrogen_transportation_and_refueling"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydrogen transportation and refueling">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Hydrogen transportation and refueling</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_station" title="Hydrogen station">Hydrogen station</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_highway" title="Hydrogen highway">Hydrogen highway</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_FCHV.jpg" class="image" title="Toyota FCHV PEM FC fuel cell vehicle."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Toyota_FCHV.jpg/180px-Toyota_FCHV.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="141" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_FCHV.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_FCHV" title="Toyota FCHV">Toyota FCHV</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">PEM FC</a> fuel cell vehicle.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg" class="image" title="Mercedes-Benz (Daimler AG) Citaro fuel cell bus on Aldwych, London."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg/180px-Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="270" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Mercedes-Benz (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>) Citaro fuel cell bus on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tech.jpg" class="image" title="Element One fuel cell vehicle."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Tech.jpg/180px-Tech.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="142" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tech.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_One" title="Element One">Element One</a> fuel cell vehicle.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg" class="image" title="Hydrogen fueling station."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg/180px-Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="124" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_station" title="Hydrogen station">Hydrogen fueling station</a>.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_FCHV_Bus.jpg" class="image" title="Toyota's FCHV-BUS at the Expo 2005."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/TOYOTA_FCHV_Bus.jpg/180px-TOYOTA_FCHV_Bus.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_FCHV_Bus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Toyota's FCHV-BUS at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">Expo 2005</a>.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The GM 1966 Electrovan was the automotive industry's first attempt at an automobile powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The Electrovan, which weighed more than twice as much as a normal van, could travel up to 70mph for 30 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-status2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-status2007-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-24" title=""><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The 2001 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Natrium" title="Chrysler Natrium">Chrysler Natrium</a> used its own on-board hydrogen processor. It produces hydrogen for the fuel cell by reacting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">sodium borohydride</a> fuel with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Borax</a>, both of which Chrysler claimed were naturally occurring in great quantity in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-25" title=""><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> The hydrogen produces electric power in the fuel cell for near-silent operation and a range of 300 miles without impinging on passenger space. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> also developed vehicles which separated hydrogen from gasoline in the vehicle, the purpose being to reduce emissions without relying on a nonexistent hydrogen infrastructure and to avoid large storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-26" title=""><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The first public hydrogen refueling station was opened in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> in April 2003. This station serves three buses built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaimlerChrysler" title="DaimlerChrysler" class="mw-redirect">DaimlerChrysler</a> that are in service in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> net of Reykjavík. The station produces the hydrogen it needs by itself, with an electrolyzing unit (produced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a>), and does not need refilling: all that enters is electricity and water. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> is also a partner in the project. The station has no roof, in order to allow any leaked hydrogen to escape to the atmosphere.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In 2003 President George Bush proposed the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI), which was later implemented by legislation through the 2005 Energy Policy Act and the 2006 Advanced Energy Initiative. These aimed at further developing hydrogen fuel cells and its infrastructure technologies with the ultimate goal to produce commercial fuel cell vehicles by 2020. By 2008, the U.S. had contributed 1 billion dollars to this project.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-27" title=""><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In May 2009, however, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration" title="Obama Administration" class="mw-redirect">Obama Administration</a> announced that it will "cut off funds" for the development of fuel cell <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicles" title="Hydrogen vehicles" class="mw-redirect">hydrogen vehicles</a>, since other vehicle technologies will lead to quicker reduction in emissions in a shorter time. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Energy" title="US Secretary of Energy" class="mw-redirect">US Secretary of Energy</a> explained that hydrogen vehicles "<i>will not be practical over the next 10 to 20 years</i>", and also mentioned the challenges involved in the development of the required infrastructure to distribute hydrogen fuel. Nevertheless, the U.S. government will continue to fund research related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_fuel_cell" title="Stationary fuel cell" class="mw-redirect">stationary fuel cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChuTimes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-ChuTimes-28" title=""><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hydrogen_Association" title="National Hydrogen Association">National Hydrogen Association</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Fuel_Cell_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Fuel Cell Council (page does not exist)">U.S. Fuel Cell Council</a> criticized this decision arguing that "<i>...the cuts proposed in the DOE hydrogen and fuel cell program threaten to disrupt commercialization of a family of technologies that are showing exceptional promise and beginning to gain market traction</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-29" title=""><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In 2005 the British firm Intelligent Energy produced the first ever working hydrogen run <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENV" title="ENV">ENV</a> (Emission Neutral Vehicle). The motorcycle holds enough fuel to run for four hours, and to travel 100 miles in an urban area, at a top speed of 50 miles per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-30" title=""><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2004 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> developed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel-cell_motorcycle" title="Fuel-cell motorcycle" class="mw-redirect">fuel-cell motorcycle</a> which utilized the Honda FC Stack.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-31" title=""><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-32" title=""><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_212_submarine" title="Type 212 submarine">Type 212 submarines</a> use fuel cells to remain submerged for weeks without the need to surface. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> researchers and industry partners throughout Europe are planning to conduct experimental flight tests in 2007 of a manned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane" class="mw-redirect">airplane</a> powered only by a fuel cell and lightweight <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>. The Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane research project was completed recently and thorough systems integration testing is now under way in preparation for upcoming ground and flight testing. The Boeing demonstrator uses a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">In 2007, the Revolve Eco-Rally (launched by HRH Prince of Wales) demonstrated several fuel cell vehicles on British roads for the first time, driven by celebrities and dignitaries from Brighton to London's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Fuel cell powered race vehicles, designed and built by university students from around the world, competed in the world's first hydrogen race series called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Formula_Zero_Championship" title="2008 Formula Zero Championship">2008 Formula Zero Championship</a>, which began on August 22, 2008 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. More races are planned for 2009 and 2010. After this first race, Greenchoice Forze from the university of Delft (The Netherlands) became leader in the competition. Other competing teams are Element One (Detroit), HerUCLAs (LA), EUPLAtecH2 (Spain), Imperial Racing Green (London) and Zero Emission Racing Team (Leuven).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Hydrogen_Highway" title="California Hydrogen Highway">California Hydrogen Highway</a> is an initiative by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Governor" title="California Governor" class="mw-redirect">California Governor</a> to implement a series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_station" title="Hydrogen station">hydrogen refueling stations</a> along that state. These stations are used to refuel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicles" title="Hydrogen vehicles" class="mw-redirect">hydrogen vehicles</a> such as fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen combustion vehicles. As of July 2007 California had 179 fuel cell vehicles and twenty five stations were in operation,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-33" title=""><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> and ten more stations have been planned for assembly in California. However, there have already been three hydrogen fueling stations decommissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-34" title=""><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> also has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_highway_%28Japan%29" title="Hydrogen highway (Japan)">hydrogen highway</a>, as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_hydrogen_fuel_cell_project" title="Japan hydrogen fuel cell project">Japan hydrogen fuel cell project</a>. Twelve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_station" title="Hydrogen station">hydrogen fueling stations</a> have been built in 11 cities in Japan. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> also have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_highway" title="Hydrogen highway">hydrogen highways</a> implemented.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">There are numerous prototype or production cars and buses based on fuel cell technology being researched or manufactured by motor car manufacturers. In 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> released a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicle</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FCX_Clarity" title="Honda FCX Clarity">FCX Clarity</a>. Meanwhile there exist also other examples of bikes<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-35" title=""><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> and bicycles<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-36" title=""><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> with a hydrogen fuel cell engine.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">A few companies are conducting hydrogen fuel cell research and practical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_bus" title="Fuel cell bus">fuel cell bus</a> trials. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, with thirty-six experimental units powered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Power_Systems" title="Ballard Power Systems">Ballard Power Systems</a> fuel cells completing a successful three-year trial, in eleven cities, in January 2007. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-37" title=""><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-38" title=""><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> There are also fuel cell powered buses currently active or in production, such as a fleet of Thor buses with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTX" title="UTX">UTC Power</a> fuel cells in California, operated by SunLine Transit Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-39" title=""><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_Cell_Bus_Club" title="Fuel Cell Bus Club">Fuel Cell Bus Club</a> is a global cooperative effort in trial fuel cell buses.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">The first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen</a> fuel cell bus prototype will begin operation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> during the first semester of 2009. The hydrogen bus was manufactured in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul" title="Caxias do Sul">Caxias do Sul</a> and the hydrogen fuel will be produced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a> from water through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>. The program, called "<i>Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio</i>" (Brazilian Hydrogen Autobus), includes three additional buses.<sup id="cite_ref-HidroBR_40-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-HidroBR-40" title=""><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMTU_41-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-EMTU-41" title=""><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Market_structure" id="Market_structure"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Market structure">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Market structure</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Not all geographic markets are ready for SOFC powered m-CHP appliances. Currently, the regions that lead the race in Distributed Generation and deployment of fuel cell m-CHP units are the EU and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-42" title=""><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a name="Hydrogen_economy" id="Hydrogen_economy"></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family:lucida grande;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hydrogen economy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Hydrogen economy</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical" title="Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect">Electrochemical</a> extraction of energy from hydrogen via fuel cells is an especially clean method of meeting power requirements, but not an efficient one, due to the necessity of adding large amounts of energy to either water or hydrocarbon fuels in order to produce the hydrogen. Additionally, during the extraction of hydrogen from hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide is released. Although this gas is artificially converted into carbon dioxide, such a method of extracting hydrogen remains environmentally injurious. It must however be noted that regarding the concept of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicle</a>, burning/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of hydrogen in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (IC/ICE) is often confused with the electrochemical process of generating electricity via fuel cells (FC) in which there is no combustion (though there is a small byproduct of heat in the reaction). Both processes require the establishment of a hydrogen economy before they may be considered commercially viable, and even then, the aforementioned energy costs make a hydrogen economy of questionable environmental value. Hydrogen combustion is similar to petroleum combustion, and like petroleum combustion, still results in nitrogen oxides as a by-product of the combustion, which lead to smog. Hydrogen combustion, like that of petroleum, is limited by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy_efficiency" title="Exergy efficiency">Carnot efficiency</a>, but is completely different from the hydrogen fuel cell's chemical conversion process of hydrogen to electricity and water without combustion. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water during use, while producing carbon dioxide emissions during the majority of hydrogen production, which comes from natural gas. Direct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> conversion (whether IC or FC) also generate carbon dioxide emissions, but direct hydrocarbon conversion in high-temperature fuel cells produces lower carbon dioxide emissions than either combustion of the same fuel (due to the higher efficiency of the fuel cell process compared to combustion), and also lower carbon dioxide emissions than hydrogen fuel cells, which use methane less efficiently than high-temperature fuel cells by first converting it to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_purity_hydrogen" title="High purity hydrogen" class="mw-redirect">high purity hydrogen</a> by steam reforming. Although hydrogen can also be produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy, at present less than 3% of hydrogen is produced in this way.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Hydrogen is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_carrier" title="Energy carrier">energy carrier</a>, and not an energy source, because it must be produced by adding energy from other energy sources, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar photovoltaic cells</a>. Hydrogen may be produced from subsurface reservoirs of methane and natural gas by a combination of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming" class="mw-redirect">steam reforming</a> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" title="Water gas shift reaction">water gas shift reaction</a>, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification" class="mw-redirect">coal gasification</a>, or from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale_extraction" title="Oil shale extraction">oil shale gasification</a>.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since September 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> low pressure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis of water</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_pressure_electrolysis" title="High pressure electrolysis">high pressure electrolysis</a>, which requires <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-temperature_electrolysis" title="High-temperature electrolysis">high-temperature electrolysis</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">thermochemical production</a>, which requires high temperatures (ideal the for expected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_IV_reactors" title="Generation IV reactors" class="mw-redirect">Generation IV reactors</a>), are two primary methods for the extraction of hydrogen from water.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">As of 2006, 49.0% of the electricity produced in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, 19.4% comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>, 20.0% comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, 7.0% from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, 1.6% from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and the remaining 3.1% mostly coming from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-43" title=""><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> When hydrogen is produced through electrolysis, the energy comes from these sources. Though the fuel cell itself will only emit heat and water as waste, pollution is often caused when generating the electricity required to produce the hydrogen that the fuel cell uses as its power source (for example, when coal, oil, or natural gas-generated electricity is used). This will be the case unless the hydrogen is produced using electricity generated by hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wind or other clean power sources (which may or may not include nuclear power, depending on one's attitude to the nuclear waste byproducts); hydrogen is only as clean as the energy sources used to produce it. A holistic approach has to take into consideration the impacts of an extended hydrogen scenario, including the production, the use and the disposal of infrastructure and energy converters.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-family: lucida grande; text-align: justify;">Nowadays low temperature fuel cell stacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">proton exchange membrane fuel cell</a> (PEMFC), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct methanol fuel cell">direct methanol fuel cell</a> (DMFC) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid_fuel_cell" title="Phosphoric acid fuel cell">phosphoric acid fuel cell</a> (PAFC) make extensive use of platinum <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class="mw-redirect">catalysts</a>. Impurities create <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_poisoning" title="Catalyst poisoning">catalyst poisoning</a> (reducing activity and efficiency) in these low-temperature fuel cells, thus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_hydrogen_purity" title="High hydrogen purity" class="mw-redirect">high hydrogen purity</a> or higher catalyst densities are required.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-44" title=""><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Although platinum is seen by some as one of the major "showstoppers" to mass market fuel cell commercialization companies, most predictions of platinum running out and/or platinum prices soaring do not take into account effects of thrifting (reduction in catalyst loading) and recycling. Recent research at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> could lead to the replacement of platinum by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> coating which may be less susceptible to poisoning and thereby improve fuel cell lifetime considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#cite_note-45" title=""><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Current targets for a transport PEM fuel cells are 0.2 g/kW Pt – which is a factor of 5 decrease over current loadings – and recent comments from major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs) indicate that this is possible. Also it is fully anticipated that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> of fuel cells components, including platinum, will kick in. High-temperature fuel cells, including molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC's) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_oxide_fuel_cell" title="Solid oxide fuel cell">solid oxide fuel cells</a> (SOFC's), do not use platinum as catalysts, but instead use cheaper materials such as nickel and nickel oxide, which are considerably more abundant (for example, nickel is used in fairly large quantities in common stainless steel). They also do not experience catalyst poisoning by carbon monoxide, and so they do not require high-purity hydrogen to operate. They can use fuels with an existing and extensive infrastructure, such as natural gas, directly, without having to first reform it externally to hydrogen and CO followed by CO removal. Instead, they can more efficiently use the same fuels that are used to make hydrogen for low-temperature fuel cells. This fuel flexibility, combined with new developments to make SOFCs on cheaper and more durable metal supports, makes SOFCs increasingly important as candidates for transportation, as well as for stationary power. SOFCs have the highest efficiency of all fuel cell types, and their ability to use common fuels, including liquid fuels, may make them more suitable for long-distance vehicular transportation, as well as for stationary power.</p>Ichwan Santosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00212831723505081696noreply@blogger.com0